Tort Liability of Physical Education Teachers and Athletic Coaches

The purpose of this study is to investigate teachers’ liability in the fields of physical education and athletics, causes of liability and preventive measures; also, to make recommendations concerning liability in order to relieve the pressure on physical education teachers and athletic coaches concerning personal liability charges. It has been stated that the teacher’s fear of being sued has done more to weaken our physical education programs than any other single factor. Teachers feel they cannot afford to teach correctly an activity which might results in an injury to one of their pupils. Consequently, the programs have been so modified and restricted that many of the worthwhile program outcomes we should expect are not achieved. What the teacher fails to realize is that if he has taken every reasonable precaution and used every reasonable safety device and practice, he will not be held liable in a suit for injury. The participant of a class assumes what is termed a normal risk. It is when negligence, either direct or contributory, can be proved that the teacher may be held liable. The manner in which a person executes a program will make it either reasonably safe or unnaturally hazardous. Based on the results of this study, the researcher concluded that the college training physical education instructors and coaches should somewhere in the curriculum make the student aware of the most frequent danger spots of tort liability

Accessory cells in Murine Peyer’s patch: I. Identification and enrichment of a functional dendritic cell

[No abstract available

Dynamic Model for Simulating Motion of the Right Ventricle

This report documents all the research, ideation, and mockups used to determine right ventricle motion and develop a system capable of reproducing that motion on a tissue sample. The model is intended for evaluating anchoring systems being developed by Edwards Lifesciences for use with tricuspid valve therapies. Several design solutions were considered for the primary functions of recreating motion of the right ventricle and attaching tissue to the device. From these ideas a primary means of producing motion and attaching tissue was selected. These ideas were then developed over the course of a school year to become the final system hardware delivered to the project sponsor. This document covers the design process including multiple iterations both in CAD and of structural prototypes. The document concludes by discussing the final hardware and the next steps proposed to improve upon the final design

A Patient-Specific Musculoskeletal Model of Total Knee Arthroplasty to Predict In Vivo Knee Biomechanics

Musculoskeletal(MS) models are useful to gain information on in vivo biomechanics that would be otherwise very difficult to obtain.However, before entering the clinical routine MS models must be thoroughlyvalidated. This study presents a novel MS modelling framework capable ofintegrating the patient-specific MS architecture in a very detailed way, andsimultaneously simulating body level dynamics and secondary knee kinematics.The model predictions were further validated against publicly available in vivo experimental data. The bonegeometries were segmented from CT images of a patient with an instrumentedTotal Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) from the “Grand Challenge Competition to Predict In Vivo Knee Loads” dataset. These were inputtedinto an advanced morphing technique in order to scale the MS architecture of thenew TLEM 2.0 model1 to the specific patient. A detailed 11-DOF modelof the knee joint was constructed that included ligaments and rigid contact. Aninverse kinematic and a force-dependent kinematic technique2 wereutilized to simulate one gait cycle and one right-turn trial. Tibiofemoral (TF)joint contact force predictions were evaluated against experimental TF forcesrecorded by the TKA prosthesis, and secondary knee kinematics againstexperimental fluoroscopy data. The coefficientof determination and the root-mean-square error between predicted andexperimental tibiofemoral forces were larger than 0.9 and smaller than 0.3body-weights, respectively, for both gait and right-turn trials. Secondary kneekinematics were estimated with an average Sprague and Geers’ combined error assmall as 0.06. Themodelling strategy proposed permits a high level of patient-specificpersonalization and does not require any non-physiological parameter tuning.The very good agreement between predictions and experimental in vivo data is promising for the futureintroduction of the model into clinical applications

Incidence of hypoglycaemia among insulin-treated patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus: South African cohort of International Operations Hypoglycaemia Assessment Tool (IO HAT) study

Objectives: To assess the incidence and rates of hypoglycaemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the South African cohort of the International Operations Hypoglycaemia  Assessment Tool (IO HAT) study.Methods: Patients diagnosed with either T1DM or T2DM, aged ≥ 18 years and treated with insulin for > 12 months, completed selfassessmentquestionnaires to record demography, treatment information and  hypoglycaemia during a 6-month retrospective and 4-week prospective periods (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02306681).Results: In T1DM 76.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 69.1%, 82.3%) of patients reported hypoglycaemia in the retrospective period and 98.2% (95% CI 94.7%, 99.6%) in the prospective period. The corresponding figures for patients with T2DM were 52.2% (95% CI 48.6%, 55.9%) and 90.1% (95% CI 87.7%, 92.3%), respectively. Rates of any and severe hypoglycaemia, respectively were T1DM 90.7 events per patient year (PPY) (95% CI 85.5, 96.1) and 8.8 events PPY (95% CI 7.2, 10.6) and T2DM 45.7 events PPY (95% CI 43.9, 47.5) and 8.9 events PPY (95% CI 8.1, 9.8) during the prospective period. The rates of hypoglycaemia were  independent of glycated haemoglobin levels.Conclusions: This is the first patient dataset of self-reported hypoglycaemia in South Africa; results showed that hypoglycaemia is under-reported.Keywords: diabetes, hypoglycaemia, hypoglycaemic, insulin, South Afric

Modeling and analyzing HIV transmission: the effect of contact patterns

A compartmental model is presented for the spread of HIV in a homosexual population divided into subgroups by degree of sexual activity. The model includes constant recruitment rates for the susceptibles in the subgroups. It incorporates the long infectious period of HIV-infected individuals and allows one to vary infectiousness over the infectious period. A new pattern of mixing, termed preferred mixing, is defined, in which a fraction of a group's contacts can be reserved for within-group contacts, the remainder being subject to proportional mixing. The fraction reserved may differ among groups. In addition, the classic definition of reproductive number is generalized to show that for heterogeneous populations in general the endemic threshold is [beta]DcY, where cY is the mean number of contacts per infective. The most important finding is that the pattern of contacts between the different groups has a major effect on the spread of HIV, an effect inadequately recognized or studied heretofore.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/27021/1/0000009.pd

Deficiency of annexins A5 and A6 induces complex changes in the transcriptome of growth plate cartilage but does not inhibit the induction of mineralization

Initiation of mineralization during endochondral ossification is a multistep process and has been assumed to correlate with specific interactions of annexins A5 and A6 and collagens. However, skeletal development appears to be normal in mice deficient for either A5 or A6, and the highly conserved structures led to the assumption that A5 and A6 may fulfill redundant functions. We have now generated mice deficient of both proteins. These mice were viable and fertile and showed no obvious abnormalities. Assessment of skeletal elements using histologic, ultrastructural, and peripheral quantitative computed tomographic methods revealed that mineralization and development of the skeleton were not significantly affected in mutant mice. Otherwise, global gene expression analysis showed subtle changes at the transcriptome level of genes involved in cell growth and intermediate metabolism. These results indicate that annexins A5 and A6 may not represent the essential annexins that promote mineralization in vivo

Expression of distinct RNAs from 3′ untranslated regions

The 3′ untranslated regions (3′UTRs) of eukaryotic genes regulate mRNA stability, localization and translation. Here, we present evidence that large numbers of 3′UTRs in human, mouse and fly are also expressed separately from the associated protein-coding sequences to which they are normally linked, likely by post-transcriptional cleavage. Analysis of CAGE (capped analysis of gene expression), SAGE (serial analysis of gene expression) and cDNA libraries, as well as microarray expression profiles, demonstrate that the independent expression of 3′UTRs is a regulated and conserved genome-wide phenomenon. We characterize the expression of several 3′UTR-derived RNAs (uaRNAs) in detail in mouse embryos, showing by in situ hybridization that these transcripts are expressed in a cell- and subcellular-specific manner. Our results suggest that 3′UTR sequences can function not only in cis to regulate protein expression, but also intrinsically and independently in trans, likely as noncoding RNAs, a conclusion supported by a number of previous genetic studies. Our findings suggest novel functions for 3′UTRs, as well as caution in the use of 3′UTR sequence probes to analyze gene expression