A Viability Approach For Management Of IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Sensor Node Performance

The long-term use of wireless sensors node while guaranteeing a good Quality of Services (QoS) is a major challenge in wireless sensor networks. Most of the relevant solutions which exist are proposed under Mac layer level but they use an optimization technique which requires a regular update of parameters and leads to unnecessary energy consumptiom which reduces the expected liftime and QoS. So in order to adress this issue, we propose in this paper, an adaptive management of wireless sensor node resources to meet application requirements in terms of energy consumption, reliability and delay. To do this, we have used the theory of viability, which is an approach that allows controling the evolution of a system in a set of desirable states. Here we have proposed an enhanced analytical model of sensor node’s energy dynamic, and we control it based on both Mac layer parameters of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard and the packet sampling frequency. The simulation results have shown that the proposed model is more accurate and efficient as a node can send more information without violating energy, reliability and delay constraints

Soybean Production Under Drought Stress with Application of Bradyrhizobium Japonicum Induced by Genistein

A research about production of soybean under drought stress with the application of Bradyrhizobium japonicum induced by genistein was conducted in green house, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sumatera Utara. The aim of the research was to study the role of B. japonicum induced by genistein on soybean production. The experiment used Randomized Complete Block Design Factorial with three factors. The first factor was genistein treatments consisted of without and with genistein. The second factor was B. japonicum consisted of without B. japonicum, B. japonicum isolate 1, B. japonicum isolate 2 and B. japonicum isolate 3. The third factor was soil water content condition namely 40%, 60% and 80% of field capacity. The parameters observed were plant growth rate, relative growth rate, nett assimilation rate, dry weight/plant and dry weight of 100 seeds. The result research showed that the treatment of interaction between B. japonicum induced genistein under 80% of field capacity gave the higher plant growth rate, plant growth rate, relative growth rate, nett assimilation rate and dry weight of 100 seeds

Conception de l'architecture d'un réseau de capteurs sans fil de grande dimension

This thesis considers the large-scale wireless sensor network (LSWSN) consisting of million nodes. The questions are: how to predict the good working and to compute before deployment the performances of such a network, knowing that no simulator can simulate a network of more than 100000 nodes? How to ensure its configuration to ensure performance, scalability, robustness and longevity? The solution proposed in this thesis is based on a two-tiered heterogeneous architecture of WSN in which the level 1 is composed of sensors and the level 2 of collectors. The first contribution is a multichannel self-organization algorithm, which allows partitioning the network of level 1 into several disjointed sub-networks with one collector and one frequency channel while respecting the principle of frequency reuse. The second contribution is to optimize the deployment of collectors because their number represents that of sub-networks. The problems addressed were: the optimization of sinks locations for a predetermined number of sinks, and the minimization of financial cost related of the sinks' number, for a predetermined number of hops in the sub-networks. An intuitive and appropriate solution to ensure both network performance and cost is to partition the network of level 1 into balanced sub-networks in number of hops. To do this, the physical topology of sinks is a regular geographical grid (square, triangular, etc.). Theoretical studies and simulation of topology models show, depending on application requirements (node density, charge application, delivery models, delay in number of hops) and physical (radio range, surveillance zone), the methodology of choice and the computation of the best deployment solutions.Cette thèse considère les réseaux de capteurs sans fil (RCSF) de grande dimension (de l'ordre du million de noeuds). Les questions posées sont les suivantes : comment prédire le bon fonctionnement et calculer avant déploiement les performances d'un tel réseau, sachant qu'aucun simulateur ne peut simuler un réseau de plus de 100 000 noeuds ? Comment assurer sa configuration pour garantir performance, passage à l'échelle, robustesse et durabilité ? La solution proposée dans cette thèse s'appuie sur une architecture de RCSF hétérogène à deux niveaux, dont le niveau inférieur est composé de capteurs et le niveau supérieur de collecteurs. La première contribution est un algorithme d'auto-organisation multi-canal qui permet de partitionner le réseau inférieur en plusieurs sous-réseaux disjoints avec un collecteur et un canal de fréquence par sous-réseau tout en respectant le principe de réutilisation de fréquence. La seconde contribution est l'optimisation du déploiement des collecteurs car leur nombre représente celui des sous-réseaux. Les problèmes traités ont été : l'optimisation des emplacements des puits pour un nombre prédéfini de puits et la minimisation du nombre de puits ou du coût pour un nombre prédéfini de sauts dans les sous-réseaux. Une solution intuitive et appropriée pour assurer à la fois performances réseaux et coût, est de partitionner le réseau inférieur en sous-réseaux équilibrés en nombre de sauts. Pour ce faire, la topologie physique des puits est une répartition géographique régulière en grille (carrée, triangulaire, etc.). Des études théoriques et expérimentales par simulation des modèles de topologie montrent, en fonction des besoins applicatifs (densité de noeuds, charge applicative, distribution des envois, délai en nombre de saut) et physiques (portée radio, zone de surveillance), la méthodologie de choix et le calcul des meilleures solutions de déploiement

Adaptive management of energy consumption, reliability and delay of wireless sensor node: Application to IEEE 802.15.4 wireless sensor node.

Designing a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) to achieve a high Quality of Service (QoS) (network performance and durability) is a challenging problem. We address it by focusing on the performance of the 802.15.4 communication protocol because the IEEE 802.15.4 Standard is actually considered as one of the reference technologies in WSNs. In this paper, we propose to control the sustainable use of resources (i.e., energy consumption, reliability and timely packet transmission) of a wireless sensor node equipped with photovoltaic cells by an adaptive tuning not only of the MAC (Medium Access Control) parameters but also of the sampling frequency of the node. To do this, we use one of the existing control approaches, namely the viability theory, which aims to preserve the functions and the controls of a dynamic system in a set of desirable states. So, an analytical model, describing the evolution over time of nodal resources, is derived and used by a viability algorithm for the adaptive tuning of the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol. The simulation analysis shows that our solution allows ensuring indefinitely, in the absence of hardware failure, the operations (lifetime duration, reliability and timely packet transmission) of an 802.15.4 WSN and one can temporarily increase the sampling frequency of the node beyond the regular sampling one. This latter brings advantages for agricultural and environmental applications such as precision agriculture, flood or fire prevention. Main results show that our current approach enable to send more information when critical events occur without the node runs out of energy. Finally, we argue that our approach is generic and can be applied to other types of WSN

El multiverso, icono del diálogo transdisciplinario: una aproximación en las obras de Jorge Luis Borges, Yasutaka Tsutsui y Grant Morrison

El multiverso es un concepto desarrollado por distintos ámbitos epistemológicos en la historia del pensamiento, que a partir de su consideración como teoría cosmológica ha adquirido una dimensión cultural notable. En este sentido, el carácter contrapuesto que aparentemente subyace entre las ciencias y las humanidades puede articularse desde la idea del multiverso, mediante la re-significación de la ficción como vínculo transdisciplinario. Para ello, esta investigación pretende demostrar cómo la presencia del discurso científico en la creación literaria enriquece su análisis y su crítica. La presente tesis analiza específicamente cinco estudios de caso: tres cuentos del escritor argentino Jorge Luis Borges, “El jardín de los senderos que se bifurcan” (1941), “El Aleph” (1949) y “Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius” (1940); la novela Paprika (1993) del escritor japonés Yasutaka Tsutsui; y finalmente el cómic de serie limitada The Multiversity (2014-15) del guionista escocés Grant Morrison. La selección de las obras responde a un interés comparativo (lengua y géneros narrativos), diacrónico (tres periodos de tiempo clave en el desarrollo de la teorización científica del multiverso) y multicultural (América, Europa, Asia). El procedimiento de análisis metodológico divide el tema del multiverso en cuatro propuestas clave: la científica, que engloba a la geometría, la física y la cosmológica; la crítica literaria, incluye la semiótica, el posestructuralismo y la estética de la recepción; la lógico-filosófica; y finalmente la psicológica. Este estudio desarrolla y consolida la temática del multiverso como un icono transdisciplinario, que se presenta de manera armoniosa en la ficción literaria.The multiverse is a concept developed by different epistemological fields in the history of thought, which since its consideration as cosmological theory has acquired a remarkable cultural dimension. In this sense, the opposing character that apparently underlies between the sciences and the humanities can be articulated from the multiverse idea, through the re-signification of fiction as a transdisciplinary linkage. To this end, this research aims to demonstrate how the presence of scientific discourse in literary creation enhance its analysis and criticism. This thesis specifically analyzes five case studies: three short stories by the Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges, “The garden of forking paths” (1941), “The Aleph” (1949) and “Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius” (1940); Paprika (1993) a novel by the Japanese writer Yasutaka Tsutsui; and finally the comic-book The Multiversity (2014-15) by the Scottish scriptwriter Grant Morrison. This selection of works responds to a comparative interest (language and narrative genres), diachronic (three key time periods in the development of multiverse scientific theorization) and multicultural (America, Europe, Asia). The methodological analysis divides the multiverse subject from four key proposals: the scientific one, which encompasses geometry, physics and cosmology; the literary criticism, including semiotics, post-structuralism and the reader-response criticism; the logical-philosophical; and finally the psychological. This study develops and consolidates the multiverse theme as a transdisciplinary icon, which is presented in a harmonious way in literary fiction

Trajectories in 3-dimensional space (<i>E</i>, <i>D</i>, <i>λ</i>) starting from two viable states <i>x</i>₁ = (<i>E</i> = 20000 J, <i>D</i> = 20 ms, <i>λ</i> = 0.22 packets/s) and <i>x</i>₂ = (<i>E</i> = 30636 J, <i>D</i> = 20 ms, <i>λ</i> = 0.22 packets/s) controlled by Eqs 22 to 25 for <i>D</i>_<i>max</i> = 50 ms, <i>R</i>_<i>min</i> = 99%, <i>E</i>_<i>sol</i> = 6 <i>μ</i>J/slot, <i>VL</i>_<i>λ</i> = 0.024.

<p>Trajectories in 3-dimensional space (<i>E</i>, <i>D</i>, <i>λ</i>) starting from two viable states <i>x</i>₁ = (<i>E</i> = 20000 J, <i>D</i> = 20 ms, <i>λ</i> = 0.22 packets/s) and <i>x</i>₂ = (<i>E</i> = 30636 J, <i>D</i> = 20 ms, <i>λ</i> = 0.22 packets/s) controlled by Eqs <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0172336#pone.0172336.e024" target="_blank">22</a> to <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0172336#pone.0172336.e027" target="_blank">25</a> for <i>D</i>_<i>max</i> = 50 ms, <i>R</i>_<i>min</i> = 99%, <i>E</i>_<i>sol</i> = 6 <i>μ</i>J/slot, <i>VL</i>_<i>λ</i> = 0.024.</p

Evolution of dynamics and controls starting from two viable states <i>x</i>₁ = (<i>E</i> = 20000 J, <i>D</i> = 20 ms, <i>λ</i> = 0.22 packets/s) and <i>x</i>₂ = (<i>E</i> = 30636 J, <i>D</i> = 20 ms, <i>λ</i> = 0.22 packets/s) controlled by Eqs 22 to 25 for <i>D</i>_<i>max</i> = 50 ms, <i>R</i>_<i>min</i> = 99%, <i>E</i>_<i>sol</i> = 6 <i>μ</i>J/slot, <i>VL</i>_<i>λ</i> = 0.024.

<p>Evolution of dynamics and controls starting from two viable states <i>x</i>₁ = (<i>E</i> = 20000 J, <i>D</i> = 20 ms, <i>λ</i> = 0.22 packets/s) and <i>x</i>₂ = (<i>E</i> = 30636 J, <i>D</i> = 20 ms, <i>λ</i> = 0.22 packets/s) controlled by Eqs <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0172336#pone.0172336.e024" target="_blank">22</a> to <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0172336#pone.0172336.e027" target="_blank">25</a> for <i>D</i>_<i>max</i> = 50 ms, <i>R</i>_<i>min</i> = 99%, <i>E</i>_<i>sol</i> = 6 <i>μ</i>J/slot, <i>VL</i>_<i>λ</i> = 0.024.</p

Trajectories in 3-dimensional space (<i>E</i>, <i>D</i>, <i>λ</i>) starting from a viable state <i>x</i> = (<i>E</i> = 20000 J, <i>D</i> = 20 ms, <i>λ</i> = 0.22 packets/s) controlled by Eqs 22 to 25 for <i>D</i>_<i>max</i> = 50 ms, <i>R</i>_<i>min</i> = 99%, <i>E</i>_<i>sol</i> = {4; 6; 8} <i>μ</i>J/slot, <i>VL</i>_<i>λ</i> = 0.024.

<p>Trajectories in 3-dimensional space (<i>E</i>, <i>D</i>, <i>λ</i>) starting from a viable state <i>x</i> = (<i>E</i> = 20000 J, <i>D</i> = 20 ms, <i>λ</i> = 0.22 packets/s) controlled by Eqs <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0172336#pone.0172336.e024" target="_blank">22</a> to <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0172336#pone.0172336.e027" target="_blank">25</a> for <i>D</i>_<i>max</i> = 50 ms, <i>R</i>_<i>min</i> = 99%, <i>E</i>_<i>sol</i> = {4; 6; 8} <i>μ</i>J/slot, <i>VL</i>_<i>λ</i> = 0.024.</p

Viability kernels in 2-dimensional space (<i>E</i>, <i>λ</i>) of four-dimensional viability problem described in Eqs 22 to 25 by using values <i>D</i>_<i>max</i> = 50 ms, <i>R</i>_<i>min</i> = 0.99, <i>E</i>_<i>sol</i> = 6 <i>μ</i>J/slot.

<p>The kernel viability is the blue shape into the constraint space (bordered by a black rectangle). The sampling frequency equilibrium in this configuration is <i>λ</i>_<i>eq</i> = 0.205 packets/s (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0172336#pone.0172336.g002" target="_blank">Fig 2</a>).</p