Jurisdiction shopping and foreign location choice: The role of market and nonmarket experience in the European solar energy industry

Several countries provide policy support to specific sectors in order to facilitate industry transitions. While industry-support policies stimulate the growth of their target sectors, little is known about how such policies engender heterogeneous international strategies. In this article, we investigate how industry-support policies influence foreign location choices. We argue that firms engage in jurisdiction shopping, choosing to invest in countries with more generous policy support, but that this tendency varies markedly across firms. Specifically, we suggest that firms’ nonmarket experience exacerbates the effect of policy support on location choice, whereas market experience has less of an impact. Further, we propose that some firms view generous policies more skeptically than others, depending on the nature of their nonmarket experience. We test and find support for our predictions using a longitudinal dataset of foreign investments of firms entering the solar energy industry in the European Union. Our findings indicate that supportive policies stimulate the energy transition, attracting in particular foreign entrants diversifying into renewables or having more policy experience. At the same time, they suggest that adverse policy changes in one country affect how firms assess policies in other countries, highlighting the need for policy coordination at a supranational level

Theory of transverse spin dynamics in a polarized Fermi liquid and an itinerant ferromagnet

The linear equations for transverse spin dynamics in a weakly polarized degenerate Fermi liquid with arbitrary relationship between temperature and polarization are derived from Landau-Silin phenomenological kinetic equation with general form of two-particle collision integral. Unlike the previous treatment where Fermi velocity and density of states have been taken as constants independent of polarization here we made derivation free from this assumption. The obtained equations are applicable for description of spin dynamics in paramagnetic Fermi liquid with finite polarization as well in an itinerant ferromagnet. In both cases transverse spin wave frequency is found to be proportional to the square of the wave vector with complex constant of proportionality (diffusion coefficient) such that the damping has a finite value at T=0. The polarization dependence of the diffusion coefficient is found to be different for a polarized Fermi liquid and for an itinerant ferromagnet. These conclusions are confirmed by derivation of transverse spin wave dispersion law in frame of field theoretical methods from the integral equation for the vortex function. It is shown that similar derivation taking into consideration the divergency of static transverse susceptibility also leads to the same attenuating spin wave spectrum.Comment: 7 pages, no figure

Growth and crystallization of molybdenum layers on amorphous silicon

The structure of molybdenum layers deposited by direct current magnetron sputtering onto the amorphous silicon (a-Si) layers as function of nominal layer thickness was studied by methods of transmission electron microscopy. Molybdenum layers with nominal thickness 1.5btMo nomb1.9 nm consist of clusters which should be considered as a transient state between strongly disordered (amorphous) state and crystal one. A transition from clusters to polycrystals takes place within the thickness range of 1.9btMo nomb2.5 nm. Resulting Mo crystallites have an inequiaxial form with dimensions of (3–4)×(15–30)nm2 and consist of blocks. The lateral axis of inequiaxial crystallites is parallel to 110 direction. As the metal layer thickness increases Mocrystallites take the more regular form at the expense of recrystallization

The first experience of the simultaneous application of ultrasound scalpel and laser in the treatment of hemorrhoids.

In recent decades in Ukraine, there has been a steady increase in the incidence of hemorrhoids among the working people, which makes it an important socio-economic problem. Due to the exacerbation of hemorrhoids, the quality of life is significantly reduced. The choice of tactics for the treatment of chronic hemorrhoids is still not a complete solution to the problem. The article describes a comparative analysis of the technique of performing hemorrhoidectomy using the ultrasound "Harmonic" scalpel, as well as the combination of the laser «Lika surgeon» with the ultrasound "Harmonic"scalpel

Molecular characterization of vernalization loci VRN1 in wild and cultivated wheats

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Variability of the <it>VRN1 </it>promoter region of the unique collection of spring polyploid and wild diploid wheat species together with diploid goatgrasses (donor of B and D genomes of polyploid wheats) were investigated. Accessions of wild diploid (<it>T. boeoticum</it>, <it>T. urartu</it>) and tetraploid (<it>T. araraticum, T. timopheevii</it>) species were studied for the first time.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Sequence analysis indicated great variability in the region from -62 to -221 nucleotide positions of the <it>VRN1 </it>promoter region. Different indels were found within this region in spring wheats. It was shown that <it>VRN1 </it>promoter region of B and G genome can also contain damages such as the insertion of the transposable element.</p> <p>Some transcription factor recognition sites including hybrid C/G-box for TaFDL2 protein known as the <it>VRN1 </it>gene upregulator were predicted inside the variable region. It was shown that deletions leading to promoter damage occurred in diploid and polyploid species independently. DNA transposon insertions first occurred in polyploid species. At the same time, the duplication of the promoter region was observed in A genomes of polyploid species.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We can conclude that supposed molecular mechanism of the <it>VRN1 </it>gene activating in cultivated diploid wheat species <it>T. monococcum </it>is common also for wild <it>T. boeoticum </it>and was inherited by <it>T. monococcum</it>. The spring polyploids are not related in their origin to spring diploids. The spring <it>T. urartu </it>and goatgrass accessions have another mechanism of flowering activation that is not connected with indels in <it>VRN1 </it>promoter region. All obtained data may be useful for detailed insight into origin of spring wheat forms in evolution and domestication process.</p

Test Results on the Silicon Pixel Detector for the TTF-FEL Beam Trajectory Monitor

Test measurements on the silicon pixel detector for the beam trajectory monitor at the free electron laser of the TESLA test facility are presented. To determine the electronic noise of detector and read-out and to calibrate the signal amplitude of different pixels the 6 keV photons of the manganese K line are used. Two different methods determine the spatial accuracy of the detector: In one setup a laser beam is focused to a straight line and moved across the pixel structure. In the other the detector is scanned using a low-intensity electron beam of an electron microscope. Both methods show that the symmetry axis of the detector defines a straight line within 0.4 microns. The sensitivity of the detector to low energy X-rays is measured using a vacuum ultraviolet beam at the synchrotron light source HASYLAB. Additionally, the electron microscope is used to study the radiation hardness of the detector.Comment: 14 pages (Latex), 13 figures (Postscript), submitted to Nuclear Instruments and Methods

Time dependence of Bragg forward scattering and self-seeding of hard x-ray free-electron lasers

Free-electron lasers (FELs) can now generate temporally short, high power x-ray pulses of unprecedented brightness, even though their longitudinal coherence is relatively poor. The longitudinal coherence can be potentially improved by employing narrow bandwidth x-ray crystal optics, in which case one must also understand how the crystal affects the field profile in time and space. We frame the dynamical theory of x-ray diffraction as a set of coupled waves in order to derive analytic expressions for the spatiotemporal response of Bragg scattering from temporally short incident pulses. We compute the profiles of both the reflected and forward scattered x-ray pulses, showing that the time delay of the wave $\tau$ is linked to its transverse spatial shift $\Delta x$ through the simple relationship $\Delta x = c\tau \cot\theta$, where $\theta$ is the grazing angle of incidence to the diffracting planes. Finally, we apply our findings to obtain an analytic description of Bragg forward scattering relevant to monochromatically seed hard x-ray FELs.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figure