35 research outputs found

    Génération zouglou

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    Rejeton de la crise universitaire, sociale et politique qui, en 1990, secoue la CĂŽte-d’Ivoire entiĂšre, le zouglou est une crĂ©ation musicale des Ă©tudiants en rĂ©volte contre la sociĂ©tĂ©. Le zouglou se chante en français populaire ivoirien et en nouchi, le langage des jeunes de la rue. Plusieurs facteurs contribueront Ă  en Ă©largir l’audience, donnant Ă  la CĂŽte-d’Ivoire la premiĂšre musique nationale de son histoire : l’élaboration progressive d’un rĂ©pertoire basĂ© sur des chansons drĂŽles et humoristiques, la rĂ©sonance sociale des thĂšmes abordĂ©s, l’essor de la cassette audio remplaçant le disque vinyle : le soutien des radio FM nationales et internationales
Zouglou Generation. – Offspring of the academic, social and political crisis that shakes out CĂŽte-d’Ivoire as a whole, zouglou is a musical creation of students protesting against their society. Zouglou is sung in Ivorian popular French and in Nouchi, the French spoken by children of the street. Several factors contribute to widen its audience, giving to CĂŽte-d’Ivoire the first national music of its history: the progressive elaboration of a repertory based on funny and humoristic songs; the social output of the topics ; the development of cassette radio that replaces the vinyl records; the support of national and international FM channels

    Performances Ă©puratoires d’une filiĂšre de trois bassins en sĂ©rie de lagunage Ă  microphytes sous climat sahĂ©lien : cas de la station de traitement des eaux usĂ©es de 21E (groupe EIER-ETSHER)

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    Des Ă©tudes portant sur l’épuration des eaux usĂ©es domestiques ont Ă©tĂ© menĂ©es sur une filiĂšre de trois bassins en sĂ©rie de lagunage Ă  microphytes Ă  la station expĂ©rimentale de l’Institut International d’IngĂ©nierie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (2IE). Cette filiĂšre comporte : un bassin anaĂ©robie (BA), un bassin facultatif (BF) et un bassin de maturation (BM). Des mesures d’indicateurs de qualitĂ© ont Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©es pendant dix mois sur des Ă©chantillons prĂ©levĂ©s suivant une frĂ©quence bihebdomadaire pour certains et hebdomadaire pour d’autres. Les rendements Ă©puratoires moyens atteignent 66 % pour les MES, 81 % pour la DCO et 87 % pour la DBO5. Le rĂ©siduel de MES de l’effluent traitĂ© rĂ©pond, dans 76 % des mesures, aux normes de rejet recommandĂ©es par la directive de l’Union EuropĂ©enne (< 150 mg L‑1). L’élimination du phosphore est faible et instable avec un rendement moyen de 17,2 % pour le phosphore total et 19,2 % pour les ortho-phosphates. La rĂ©duction de la pollution azotĂ©e atteint en moyenne 76 % en NTK et 38,4 % en azote ammoniacal. De maniĂšre globale, les teneurs rĂ©siduelles en azote et en phosphore restent assez Ă©levĂ©es par rapport Ă  la limite tolĂ©rable pour un rejet d’effluent dans un Ă©cosystĂšme sensible Ă  l’eutrophisation. L’abattement de la pollution bactĂ©rienne est important allant jusqu’à 4,9 ulog pour les coliformes fĂ©caux; mais la teneur rĂ©siduelle moyenne (5,4 × 103 unitĂ©s formant des colonies (ufc)/100 mL) reste tout de mĂȘme supĂ©rieure Ă  la directive OMS (≀ 1 000 ufc/100 mL) pour une rĂ©utilisation non restrictive en irrigation. Concernant la charge parasitaire, les Ă©tudes ont montrĂ© que la filiĂšre assure une Ă©limination totale (100 %) des oeufs d’helminthes et des kystes de protozoaires.Waste stabilization ponds (WSP) are considered to be one of the main methods for municipal wastewater because of their advantages over other methods (conventional treatment) relating to treatment effectiveness, system flexibility and simplicity, and cost (Arthur, 1983; Mara, 1976; Mara and Pearson, 1986; Silva, 1982). Moreover, it has long been accepted that tropical climates provide an ideal environment for the natural treatment of sewage in ponds.Since 1989, the 2IE (International Institute for water and Environmental Engineering) wastewater treatment plant in the city of Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) has been investigating the performance of pilot-scale systems in order to establish regional design parameters and removal efficiencies. Several experiments have been carried out on pond series with different configurations and operational characteristics aiming to improve the design, operation and performance of waste stabilization ponds in Sahelian climate conditions. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of a new series of three stabilization ponds.The series was composed by one anaerobic pond (AP), one facultative pond (FP) followed by one maturation pond (MP). The characteristics (depth, area, volume and hydraulic retention time) were respectively 2.6 m, 69.7 m2, 181.2 m3, and three days for the AP, 1.4 m, 415.3 m2 and 581.4 m3 and 9.5 days for the FP, 0.9 m, 336.9 m2, 303.2 m3 and 5.5 days for the MP. The ponds were constructed with concrete to ensure water tightness. Field studies indicated a wide fluctuation in the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) loading applied. The average volumetric organic load ranged from 104 to 225 g BOD5 m‑3j‑1 with an average load of 105.2 g BOD5 m‑3j‑1 for the AP, the average surface BOD5 load on the FP was 117 kg BOD5/ha/j.The series was monitored for ten months from October 2004 to July 2005. The assessment involved an intensive program of sampling and analysis. The composite samples (obtained daily by mixing equal volumes of grab samples collected) were taken from the influent and effluent of each pond twice per week. Global physico-chemical parameters (T°, pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), conductivity ) were measured in situ. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) were analyzed according to standard methods. Suspended solids (SS) were determined gravimetrically after filtration through Whatman GF/C glass fiber filters and drying at 105°C. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) and ammonia nitrogen (AN) were analyzed according to AFNOR methods. Nitrate nitrogen (NT), total phosphorus (TP) and orthophosphate (OP) were determined by HACH methods. Faecal coliforms (FC) were counted by layer technique using the chromocult coliform agar, helminth eggs and protozoan cysts were determined by sodium acetate formalin (SAF) adapted method.Results showed during the study period average removal rates of 66% for SS, 87% for filtered BOD5, and 81% for COD. For COD and BOD5, removal performances were relatively constant over the study period with ranges of (60,9% ‑ 96,1%) and (65,6 ‑ 6,8%), respectively. In 83.8% of filtered BOD5 measures (n = 68) on the final effluent, BOD5 removal efficiency were higher than 80%. However, for SS removal efficiency, it indicated a wide fluctuation. The same fluctuation was observed on SS concentration on the final effluent, with a variation coefficient of 34.3%. Effluent SS concentrations from the series varied between a minimum of 4 mg/L and a maximum of 326 mg/L with average of 110 mg/L. The higher values of SS were observed during the warm period (March-April) corresponding to the abundance of algal proliferation in facultative and maturation ponds. In this period, effluent SS concentrations were higher than the influent ones, leading to negative efficiencies for these ponds. Despite this disturbance due to algal proliferation, the final effluent quality met the European Union (EU) quality requirements, i.e suspended solids concentration < 150 mg per litre. This standard was achieved in 76% of SS measures (n = 75) during the study period.The capability of the system for phosphorus removal was weak and variable, with average removals around 17% and 19% respectively for TP and OP removals. The mean residual concentrations of TP and OP in the final effluent were respectively 12.5 mg/L and 4.6 mg/L, values higher than the maximum concentration of 0.1 mg/L PT for the discharge of effluent in water sensitive to eutrophication (Ayers and Westcot,1985; WHO, 1989). Average TKN removal was 76%. Global efficiencies of the three-pond series for nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) reduction were weak and the effluent concentration of these nutrients did not satisfy the quality recommended to discharge in water sensitive to eutrophication. However, they could be useful as fertilizer for reuse for irrigation.With a total hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 18 days, the removal of faecal coliforms (fc) reached a maximum removal of 4.9 log units. The residuals fc concentration in the final effluent ranged between 1 × 103 fc/100 mL to 3.4 × 105 fc/100 mL, with an average of 5.4 × 103 fc/100 mL. According to the WHO recommendation (1989) for reuse in agriculture, the effluent did not meet the WHO guideline (≀ 1000 fc per 100 mL) for unrestricted irrigation. In spite of an average HRT of 18 days, the results showed that the fc removal for the WSP system (AP + FP + MP) in a Sahelian climate did not meet the WHO standard for faecal coliform reduction. The performance results of this study were, however, slightly better than those obtained by Maderaet al. (2002) on a similar study in wet tropical climate (in Colombia). Concerning helminths eggs and protozoan cysts, different parasites were identified in the raw wastewater such as: eggs of ankylostoms ranging from 0 to 4 eggs/litre, ascaris eggs 0 ‑ 10 eggs/litre, trichuris eggs 0 ‑ 1 egg/litre, and larval stages of anguillula 0 ‑ 5 eggs/litre. Two protozoan cysts were identified in the raw wastewater: Entamoeba coli ranged 6 ‑ 272 cysts/litre and entamoeba histolitica 2 ‑ 55 cysts/litre. Concerning helminths eggs and protozoan cysts removals, they were all completely (100%) removed in the final effluent of the series after 18 days HRT. Helminth eggs and protozoan cysts removal was very good. Most were removed in the anaerobic and facultative ponds, and the WHO guideline values for crop irrigation (both restricted and unrestricted) of < 1 egg/litre were achieved after the two first ponds (AP + FP). Regarding sanitary concerns during the ten‑month study period, the final effluent of the three ponds series correspond to B category effluent (WHO,1989) which could be reused for irrigation of cereal crops, industrial crops, fodder crops, pasture, and trees

    Damage mechanisms of pathogenic bacteria in drinking water during chlorine and solar disinfection

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    This study aimed at elucidating the inactivation mechanisms of pathogenic bacteria in drinking water during chlorine and solar disinfection using a simple plating method. The well-known bacterial model Escherichia coli was used as pathogenic bacteria for the experiments. The damage mechanisms of E. coli were evaluated by simple plating method on selective, less selective and non-selective media. Results showed that, injured E. coli were detected at different levels during chlorine and solar disinfection. The use of selective media during water quality control showed effectively the destruction of E. coli during solar disinfection while the removal of E. coli during chlorine disinfection was not ensured. The damage of cell components and/or metabolic functions showed that there is a primary and mainly damage of E. coli during chorine and solar disinfection. Chlorination firstly and mainly damaged membrane cell followed by that of enzymatic functions and nucleic acid; while solar disinfection damaged mainly nucleic acid. The use of simple plating method in water quality control is limited by the choice of plating media depending on the disinfectant used. The understanding of the damage mechanisms of pathogenic bacteria cells during disinfection helps improve drinking water quality control and develops more effective disinfection strategies.© 2016 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Drinking water, pathogenic bacteria, E. coli, damage mechanisms, chlorine disinfection, solar disinfectio

    Carotenoids content and antibacterial activity from galls of Guiera senegalensis J.F. Gmel (combretaceae).

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    Guiera senegalensis is a well known medicinal plant which is used as a drug in Burkina Faso. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the carotenoids content and antibacterial activity from galls of Guiera senegalensis. The hydroacetonic extract (HAE) exhibited the highest of ÎČ-carotene (4.67±0.25 mg/g) and lycopene (0.99±0.0735 mg/g) content. The extracts and fractions of galls exhibited antimicrobial activity against some gram positive and gram negative bacteria. We observed an inhibitory activity of the extracts against Bacillus cereus ATCC 13061 and Staphylococus aureus ATCC 6538 which showed a resistance to the penicillin and ampicillin. The ratio of the MBC and the MIC showed that the hydroacetonic extract is bactericidal against all the bacterial strains used except for Proteus mirabilis ATCC 35659. The aqueous decoction extract is bactericidal against all the bacterial species tested. The present study thus suggested that galls from G senegalensis may be used as a new potential source of natural nutraceutical components

    Study of constructive choices to guarantee the implementation and durability of virgin and recycled asphalt mixes with bitumen emulsion

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    L’emploi d’enrobĂ©s bitumineux Ă  l’émulsion de bitume dans les structures de chaussĂ©es, couplĂ© avec la rĂ©utilisation de matĂ©riaux recyclĂ©s appelĂ©s agrĂ©gats d’enrobĂ©s, permet de s’inscrire dans une dĂ©marche efficace de prĂ©servation de l’environnement. De tels matĂ©riaux sont destinĂ©s Ă  des chaussĂ©es de faibles Ă  moyens trafics et peuvent constituer un grand potentiel pour le rĂ©seau secondaire peu amĂ©nagĂ© des pays africains, tels que la CĂŽte d’Ivoire, oĂč le trafic routier est peu dense. Leur formulation requiert d’assurer la compatibilitĂ© de l’émulsion avec les granulats neufs et les agrĂ©gats d’enrobĂ©s selon leurs caractĂ©ristiques physico-chimiques respectives.Dans l’interaction Ă©mulsion-substrat, les tensioactifs sont amenĂ©s Ă  jouer un rĂŽle majeur dans les mĂ©canismes de rupture, de mouillage et d’adhĂ©sion. Les performances finales des enrobĂ©s neufs et recyclĂ©s sont fortement dĂ©pendantes de ces processus qui se dĂ©roulent pendant les Ă©tapes de fabrication, de mise en Ɠuvre et de mĂ»rissement in situ.L’objectif de cette thĂšse est d’étudier les phĂ©nomĂšnes aux interfaces Ă©mulsion-substrat en vue d’apprĂ©hender l’influence des paramĂštres de formulation de l’émulsion sur les propriĂ©tĂ©s de mise en Ɠuvre et de durabilitĂ© des enrobĂ©s neufs et recyclĂ©s.La dĂ©marche de recherche s’est articulĂ©e suivant deux axes. Le premier axe a concernĂ© l’étude Ă  l’échelle microscopique des interactions Ă©mulsion-substrat, relativement aux phĂ©nomĂšnes d’adsorption des tensioactifs, Ă  la rupture des Ă©mulsions sur substrat, Ă  la rhĂ©ologie des mĂ©langes Ă©mulsion-filler et au mouillage de l’émulsion sur des substrats modĂšles. Le second axe a considĂ©rĂ© l’étude Ă  l’échelle macroscopique des enrobĂ©s neufs et recyclĂ©s Ă  travers des essais d’adhĂ©sivitĂ© Ă©mulsion-granulat, de formulation Ă  petite Ă©chelle et d’évaluation de la cohĂ©sion et la tenue Ă  l’eau.A l’échelle microscopique, une diffĂ©rence d’adsorption des tensioactifs a Ă©tĂ© notĂ©e suivant le couple tensioactif-substrat. La vitesse de rupture des Ă©mulsions au contact des granulats est rapide Ă  mesure que la teneur en SiO2 augmente. Au niveau rhĂ©ologique, le comportement des mĂ©langes Ă©mulsion-filler est influencĂ© par la nature et la teneur en tensioactif, la surface spĂ©cifique des granulats et le ratio Ă©mulsion-filler. Les agrĂ©gats d’enrobĂ©s ont prĂ©sentĂ© des angles de contact plus Ă©levĂ©s et des travaux d’adhĂ©sion plus faibles avec l’émulsion que les granulats neufs ; cela suggĂšre que dans le cadre du recyclage, l’émulsion mouillera prĂ©fĂ©rentiellement les granulats neufs.A l’échelle macroscopique, les essais de formulation ont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© une variation de la teneur en eau totale des mĂ©langes en fonction de la nature et du dosage de tensioactif. Les tests de montĂ©e en cohĂ©sion et de tenue Ă  l’eau, effectuĂ©s sur les enrobĂ©s neufs et recyclĂ©s, ont indiquĂ© des teneurs optimales en tensioactif selon la nature du granulat neuf vis-Ă -vis de ces propriĂ©tĂ©s. Les rĂ©sultats ont par ailleurs montrĂ© un lien entre la force de poussĂ©e Ă  court terme et la tenue Ă  l’eau.Enfin, une confrontation des rĂ©sultats aux deux Ă©chelles a permis d’établir des corrĂ©lations entre elles, de mieux prĂ©ciser les mĂ©canismes en jeu, en termes d’adsorption des tensioactifs sur les substrats, et d’apprĂ©hender la contribution du liant vieilli dans les performances mĂ©caniques des enrobĂ©s recyclĂ©s grĂące aux tensioactifs.The use of bitumen emulsion cold mixes, coupled with the reuse of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), is part of an effective approach to preserve the environment. Such materials are intended for low to medium traffic-loading pavements and can represent significant potential for the secondary network in African countries, such as CĂŽte d'Ivoire, where road traffic is low. Their formulation requires to ensure the compatibility of the emulsion with virgin aggregates and RAP according to their respective physicochemical characteristics.Surfactants determine emulsion-substrate interaction in terms of emulsion breaking, wetting and adhesion of binder onto substrate. The final mechanical performances of virgin and recycled asphalt mixtures are linked to these processes, which take place from the manufacturing to the in situ curing stages.The objective of this thesis was to study the phenomena occurring at the emulsion-substrate interfaces in order to understand the formulation of the emulsion and its impact on the implementation and durability properties of virgin and recycled asphalt mixes.The research work was carried out at two levels. The first level concerned studies at the microscopic scale on emulsion-substrate interactions, relative to the phenomena of surfactant adsorption, emulsion breaking process, behavior of emulsion-filler mixtures and emulsion wetting on model substrates. The second level concerned studies at the macroscopic scale through the emulsion-aggregate adhesivity tests, the formulation of virgin and recycled mixtures and the evaluation of their cohesion build-up and their water resistance.On a microscopic scale, the surfactant adsorption differed according to the surfactant-substrate pair considered; the emulsion breaking on the aggregate was all the more rapid as the SiO2 content increased. At the rheological level, the behavior of the emulsion-filler mixtures was influenced by the surfactant nature and content, the specific surface area of the aggregates and the emulsion-filler mass ratio. RAP exhibited higher contact angles and lower adhesion work with the emulsion than the virgin aggregates. This suggests that in a recycling context, the emulsion will preferentially wet virgin aggregates.On a macroscopic scale, formulation tests revealed a variation in the total water content of the mixtures depending on the surfactant nature and content. The cohesion build-up and water resistance tests, carried out on virgin and recycled asphalt mixes, indicated optimum values of surfactant content depending on the nature of virgin aggregates with respect to these properties. A relationship was found between short-term cohesion and water resistance.Finally, a comparison of the results at both scales leads to correlations between them, which specify the mechanisms involved in the surfactant adsorption on the substrates and clarify the contribution of the aged binder in the mechanical performances of recycled asphalt mixes thanks to the surfactant effect

    Étude de choix constructifs pour garantir la mise en Ɠuvre et la durabilitĂ© des enrobĂ©s neufs et recyclĂ©s Ă  l’émulsion de bitume

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    The use of bitumen emulsion cold mixes, coupled with the reuse of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), is part of an effective approach to preserve the environment. Such materials are intended for low to medium traffic-loading pavements and can represent significant potential for the secondary network in African countries, such as CĂŽte d'Ivoire, where road traffic is low. Their formulation requires to ensure the compatibility of the emulsion with virgin aggregates and RAP according to their respective physicochemical characteristics.Surfactants determine emulsion-substrate interaction in terms of emulsion breaking, wetting and adhesion of binder onto substrate. The final mechanical performances of virgin and recycled asphalt mixtures are linked to these processes, which take place from the manufacturing to the in situ curing stages.The objective of this thesis was to study the phenomena occurring at the emulsion-substrate interfaces in order to understand the formulation of the emulsion and its impact on the implementation and durability properties of virgin and recycled asphalt mixes.The research work was carried out at two levels. The first level concerned studies at the microscopic scale on emulsion-substrate interactions, relative to the phenomena of surfactant adsorption, emulsion breaking process, behavior of emulsion-filler mixtures and emulsion wetting on model substrates. The second level concerned studies at the macroscopic scale through the emulsion-aggregate adhesivity tests, the formulation of virgin and recycled mixtures and the evaluation of their cohesion build-up and their water resistance.On a microscopic scale, the surfactant adsorption differed according to the surfactant-substrate pair considered; the emulsion breaking on the aggregate was all the more rapid as the SiO2 content increased. At the rheological level, the behavior of the emulsion-filler mixtures was influenced by the surfactant nature and content, the specific surface area of the aggregates and the emulsion-filler mass ratio. RAP exhibited higher contact angles and lower adhesion work with the emulsion than the virgin aggregates. This suggests that in a recycling context, the emulsion will preferentially wet virgin aggregates.On a macroscopic scale, formulation tests revealed a variation in the total water content of the mixtures depending on the surfactant nature and content. The cohesion build-up and water resistance tests, carried out on virgin and recycled asphalt mixes, indicated optimum values of surfactant content depending on the nature of virgin aggregates with respect to these properties. A relationship was found between short-term cohesion and water resistance.Finally, a comparison of the results at both scales leads to correlations between them, which specify the mechanisms involved in the surfactant adsorption on the substrates and clarify the contribution of the aged binder in the mechanical performances of recycled asphalt mixes thanks to the surfactant effect.L’emploi d’enrobĂ©s bitumineux Ă  l’émulsion de bitume dans les structures de chaussĂ©es, couplĂ© avec la rĂ©utilisation de matĂ©riaux recyclĂ©s appelĂ©s agrĂ©gats d’enrobĂ©s, permet de s’inscrire dans une dĂ©marche efficace de prĂ©servation de l’environnement. De tels matĂ©riaux sont destinĂ©s Ă  des chaussĂ©es de faibles Ă  moyens trafics et peuvent constituer un grand potentiel pour le rĂ©seau secondaire peu amĂ©nagĂ© des pays africains, tels que la CĂŽte d’Ivoire, oĂč le trafic routier est peu dense. Leur formulation requiert d’assurer la compatibilitĂ© de l’émulsion avec les granulats neufs et les agrĂ©gats d’enrobĂ©s selon leurs caractĂ©ristiques physico-chimiques respectives.Dans l’interaction Ă©mulsion-substrat, les tensioactifs sont amenĂ©s Ă  jouer un rĂŽle majeur dans les mĂ©canismes de rupture, de mouillage et d’adhĂ©sion. Les performances finales des enrobĂ©s neufs et recyclĂ©s sont fortement dĂ©pendantes de ces processus qui se dĂ©roulent pendant les Ă©tapes de fabrication, de mise en Ɠuvre et de mĂ»rissement in situ.L’objectif de cette thĂšse est d’étudier les phĂ©nomĂšnes aux interfaces Ă©mulsion-substrat en vue d’apprĂ©hender l’influence des paramĂštres de formulation de l’émulsion sur les propriĂ©tĂ©s de mise en Ɠuvre et de durabilitĂ© des enrobĂ©s neufs et recyclĂ©s.La dĂ©marche de recherche s’est articulĂ©e suivant deux axes. Le premier axe a concernĂ© l’étude Ă  l’échelle microscopique des interactions Ă©mulsion-substrat, relativement aux phĂ©nomĂšnes d’adsorption des tensioactifs, Ă  la rupture des Ă©mulsions sur substrat, Ă  la rhĂ©ologie des mĂ©langes Ă©mulsion-filler et au mouillage de l’émulsion sur des substrats modĂšles. Le second axe a considĂ©rĂ© l’étude Ă  l’échelle macroscopique des enrobĂ©s neufs et recyclĂ©s Ă  travers des essais d’adhĂ©sivitĂ© Ă©mulsion-granulat, de formulation Ă  petite Ă©chelle et d’évaluation de la cohĂ©sion et la tenue Ă  l’eau.A l’échelle microscopique, une diffĂ©rence d’adsorption des tensioactifs a Ă©tĂ© notĂ©e suivant le couple tensioactif-substrat. La vitesse de rupture des Ă©mulsions au contact des granulats est rapide Ă  mesure que la teneur en SiO2 augmente. Au niveau rhĂ©ologique, le comportement des mĂ©langes Ă©mulsion-filler est influencĂ© par la nature et la teneur en tensioactif, la surface spĂ©cifique des granulats et le ratio Ă©mulsion-filler. Les agrĂ©gats d’enrobĂ©s ont prĂ©sentĂ© des angles de contact plus Ă©levĂ©s et des travaux d’adhĂ©sion plus faibles avec l’émulsion que les granulats neufs ; cela suggĂšre que dans le cadre du recyclage, l’émulsion mouillera prĂ©fĂ©rentiellement les granulats neufs.A l’échelle macroscopique, les essais de formulation ont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© une variation de la teneur en eau totale des mĂ©langes en fonction de la nature et du dosage de tensioactif. Les tests de montĂ©e en cohĂ©sion et de tenue Ă  l’eau, effectuĂ©s sur les enrobĂ©s neufs et recyclĂ©s, ont indiquĂ© des teneurs optimales en tensioactif selon la nature du granulat neuf vis-Ă -vis de ces propriĂ©tĂ©s. Les rĂ©sultats ont par ailleurs montrĂ© un lien entre la force de poussĂ©e Ă  court terme et la tenue Ă  l’eau.Enfin, une confrontation des rĂ©sultats aux deux Ă©chelles a permis d’établir des corrĂ©lations entre elles, de mieux prĂ©ciser les mĂ©canismes en jeu, en termes d’adsorption des tensioactifs sur les substrats, et d’apprĂ©hender la contribution du liant vieilli dans les performances mĂ©caniques des enrobĂ©s recyclĂ©s grĂące aux tensioactifs
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