In situ targeted activation of an anticancer agent using ultrasound-triggered release of composite droplets

International audienc

Discovery of coupling reactions using an immunoassay screening

La recherche de nouvelles réactions est un des enjeux fondamentaux de la chimie organique. En dehors de l’approche classique basée sur la conception d’une réaction en s’appuyant sur les propriétés chimiques des substrats, une nouvelle approche utilisant le criblage systématique de combinaisons aléatoires de fonctions réactives a été récemment adoptée par plusieurs groupes. Cette stratégie nécessite un outil analytique permettant de cribler un très grand nombre de réactions par jour et d’identifier les meilleures combinaisons conduisant à la formation de produits intéressants. Les travaux de thèse présentés dans ce mémoire s’inscrivent dans le contexte de l’utilisation des techniques de dosages immuno-enzymatiques (ELISA) comme outil de criblage pour la recherche de nouvelles réactions de couplage. Dans un premier temps le criblage de 2688 combinaisons de fonctions réactives et de catalyseurs choisies au hasard a été effectué. Ce criblage a permit de mettre en évidence deux nouveaux couplages en présence de sels de cuivre : une réaction entre les thiourées et les phénols conduisant à la formation des isourées et une réaction entre les N-hydroxythiourées et les alcynes conduisant à la formation des thiazole-2-imines. Dans un second temps le criblage de 2816 combinaisons de fonctions sélectionnées, cette fois-ci, de façon rationnelle a été effectué. Ce criblage a visé la découverte de nouvelles cycloadditions [3+2] répondant aux critères de la chimie « click ». Ainsi l’utilisation de dosage immuno-enzymatique a été étendue à l’optimisation des nouvelles réactions découvertes ainsi qu’à l’évaluation de leurs cinétique, chimiosélectivité et biocompatibilité. Près de 3000 tests complémentaires effectuées sur les « hits » issus du criblage primaire ont ainsi permit de mettre en évidence 4 nouvelles réactions de couplage dont une nouvelle réaction « click » : la cycloaddition sydnone-alcyne catalysée au cuivre (CuSAC). Dans la dernière partie de ce manuscrit les études plus détaillées sur la réaction CuSAC ont été effectuées, notamment l’identification de la structure du produit de couplage et l’étendue du champ d’application de cette réaction. Enfin, l’aspect « click » de la réaction CuSAC a été illustré par l’application de cette réaction au marquage d’une protéine.Discovery of new reactions is one of the fundamental goals in organic chemistry. In addition to the traditional approach to reaction discovery, consisting in designing a reaction on the basis of known chemical properties of reagents, new approaches based on the screening of random combinations of reactive functions and catalysts have been recently developed. The main prerequisite of this strategy is an analytical tool allowing screening of a big number of reactions per day and identifying combinations leading to the formation of unanticipated products. In the work presented herein a high-throughput immunoassay screening has been used for the discovery of new coupling reactions. In the first part of this work a screening of 2688 combinations of randomly chosen reactive functions and catalysts was carried out. This screening led to the discovery of two copper-promoted coupling reactions: a reaction between thioureas and phenols leading to the formation of isoureas through desulfurization; and a reaction between N-hydroxythioureas and alkynes leading to the formation of thiazole-2-imines. In the second part of the work a screening of 2816 combinations of rationally designed chemical functions and catalysts was carried out. This screening was focused on the discovery of catalytic [3+2] cycloadditions that comply with the standards of “click” chemistry. In this study, the use of immunoassay screening was extended to optimize new reactions and to evaluate their kinetics, chemoselectivity and biocompatibility. Therefore, around 3000 complementary tests were carried out on the hits, identified in the primary screening. This allowed the discovery of 3 new coupling reactions and one new “click” reaction: a copper-catalyzed sydnone-alkyne cycloaddition (CuSAC). The last part of the work was focused on detailed studies of the CuSAC reaction. Identification of the structure of the coupling product and substrate scope of this reaction was carried out. Finally, the applicability of the CuSAC reaction for bioconjugation was demonstrated by an example of protein labeling

Recherche de nouvelles réactions de couplage par criblage immuno-enzymatique

La recherche de nouvelles réactions est un des enjeux fondamentaux de la chimie organique. En dehors de l approche classique basée sur la conception d une réaction en s appuyant sur les propriétés chimiques des substrats, une nouvelle approche utilisant le criblage systématique de combinaisons aléatoires de fonctions réactives a été récemment adoptée par plusieurs groupes. Cette stratégie nécessite un outil analytique permettant de cribler un très grand nombre de réactions par jour et d identifier les meilleures combinaisons conduisant à la formation de produits intéressants. Les travaux de thèse présentés dans ce mémoire s inscrivent dans le contexte de l utilisation des techniques de dosages immuno-enzymatiques (ELISA) comme outil de criblage pour la recherche de nouvelles réactions de couplage. Dans un premier temps le criblage de 2688 combinaisons de fonctions réactives et de catalyseurs choisies au hasard a été effectué. Ce criblage a permit de mettre en évidence deux nouveaux couplages en présence de sels de cuivre : une réaction entre les thiourées et les phénols conduisant à la formation des isourées et une réaction entre les N-hydroxythiourées et les alcynes conduisant à la formation des thiazole-2-imines. Dans un second temps le criblage de 2816 combinaisons de fonctions sélectionnées, cette fois-ci, de façon rationnelle a été effectué. Ce criblage a visé la découverte de nouvelles cycloadditions [3+2] répondant aux critères de la chimie click . Ainsi l utilisation de dosage immuno-enzymatique a été étendue à l optimisation des nouvelles réactions découvertes ainsi qu à l évaluation de leurs cinétique, chimiosélectivité et biocompatibilité. Près de 3000 tests complémentaires effectuées sur les hits issus du criblage primaire ont ainsi permit de mettre en évidence 4 nouvelles réactions de couplage dont une nouvelle réaction click : la cycloaddition sydnone-alcyne catalysée au cuivre (CuSAC). Dans la dernière partie de ce manuscrit les études plus détaillées sur la réaction CuSAC ont été effectuées, notamment l identification de la structure du produit de couplage et l étendue du champ d application de cette réaction. Enfin, l aspect click de la réaction CuSAC a été illustré par l application de cette réaction au marquage d une protéine.Discovery of new reactions is one of the fundamental goals in organic chemistry. In addition to the traditional approach to reaction discovery, consisting in designing a reaction on the basis of known chemical properties of reagents, new approaches based on the screening of random combinations of reactive functions and catalysts have been recently developed. The main prerequisite of this strategy is an analytical tool allowing screening of a big number of reactions per day and identifying combinations leading to the formation of unanticipated products. In the work presented herein a high-throughput immunoassay screening has been used for the discovery of new coupling reactions. In the first part of this work a screening of 2688 combinations of randomly chosen reactive functions and catalysts was carried out. This screening led to the discovery of two copper-promoted coupling reactions: a reaction between thioureas and phenols leading to the formation of isoureas through desulfurization; and a reaction between N-hydroxythioureas and alkynes leading to the formation of thiazole-2-imines. In the second part of the work a screening of 2816 combinations of rationally designed chemical functions and catalysts was carried out. This screening was focused on the discovery of catalytic [3+2] cycloadditions that comply with the standards of click chemistry. In this study, the use of immunoassay screening was extended to optimize new reactions and to evaluate their kinetics, chemoselectivity and biocompatibility. Therefore, around 3000 complementary tests were carried out on the hits, identified in the primary screening. This allowed the discovery of 3 new coupling reactions and one new click reaction: a copper-catalyzed sydnone-alkyne cycloaddition (CuSAC). The last part of the work was focused on detailed studies of the CuSAC reaction. Identification of the structure of the coupling product and substrate scope of this reaction was carried out. Finally, the applicability of the CuSAC reaction for bioconjugation was demonstrated by an example of protein labeling.PARIS11-SCD-Bib. électronique (914719901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Thermofluorimetric Analysis (TFA) using Probes with Flexible Spacers: Application to Direct Antibody Sensing and to Antibody-Oligonucleotide (AbO) Conjugate Valency Monitoring

Antibodies have long been recognized as clinically relevant biomarkers of disease. The onset of a disease often stimulates antibody production at low quantities, making it crucial to develop sensitive, specific, and easy-to-use antibody assay platforms. Antibodies are also extensively used as probes in bioassays, and there is a need for simpler methods to evaluate specialized probes such as antibody-oligonucleotide (AbO) conjugates. Previously, we have demonstrated that thermofluorimetric analysis (TFA) of analyte-driven DNA assembly can be leveraged to detect protein biomarkers using AbO probes. A key advantage of this technique is its ability to circumvent autofluorescence arising from biological samples, which otherwise hampers homogenous assays. The analysis of differential DNA melt curves (dF/dT) successfully distinguishes the signal from background and interferences. Expanding the applicability of TFA further, here-in we demonstrate a unique proximity based TFA assay for antibody quantification which is functional in 90% human plasma. We show that conformational flexibility of the DNA-based proximity probes is critically important for optimal performance in these assays. To promote stable, proximity-induced hybridization of the short DNA strands, substitution of polyethylene glycol (PEG) spacers in place of ssDNA segments led to improved conformational flexibility and sensor performance. Finally, by applying these flexible spacers to study AbO conjugates directly, we validate this modified TFA approach as a novel tool to elucidate the probes valency, clearly distinguishing between monovalent and multivalent AbOs and reducing the reagent amounts by 12-fol

Non-specific interactions of antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates with living cells

International audienceAntibody-Oligonucleotide Conjugates (AOCs) represent an emerging class of functionalized antibodies that have already been used in a wide variety of applications. While the impact of dye and drug conjugation on antibodies’ ability to bind their target has been extensively studied, little is known about the effect caused by the conjugation of hydrophilic and charged payloads such as oligonucleotides on the functions of an antibody. Previous observations of non-specific interactions of nucleic acids with untargeted cells prompted us to further investigate their impact on AOC binding abilities and cell selectivity. We synthesized a series of single- and double-stranded AOCs, as well as a human serum albumin-oligonucleotide conjugate, and studied their interactions with both targeted and non-targeted living cells using a time-resolved analysis of ligand binding assay. Our results indicate that conjugation of single strand oligonucleotides to proteins induce consistent non-specific interactions with cell surfaces while double strand oligonucleotides have little or no effect, depending on the preparation method

Reduction–rebridging strategy for the preparation of ADPN-based antibody–drug conjugates

International audienc

Iridium-Catalyzed Cycloaddition of Azides and 1‑Bromoalkynes at Room Temperature

Iridium dimer complexes were found to catalyze the [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of azides with bromoalkynes, yielding 1,5-disubstituted 4-bromo-1,2,3-triazoles in reasonable to excellent yields under mild conditions. The reaction offers a direct route to new 1,4,5-trisubstituted triazoles

Automated linkage of proteins and payloads producing monodisperse conjugates

International audienceControlled protein functionalization holds great promise for a wide variety of applications. However, despite intensive research, the stoichiometry of the functionalization reaction remains difficult to control due to the inherent stochasticity of the conjugation process. Classical approaches that exploit peculiar structural features of specific protein substrates, or introduce reactive handles via mutagenesis, are by essence limited in scope or require substantial protein reengineering. We herein present equimolar native chemical tagging (ENACT), which precisely controls the stoichiometry of inherently random conjugation reactions by combining iterative low-conversion chemical modification, process automation, and bioorthogonal trans-tagging. We discuss the broad applicability of this conjugation process to a variety of protein substrates and payloads

On the use of DNA as a linker in antibody-drug conjugates: synthesis, stability and in vitro potency

International audienceHere we present the synthesis and evaluation of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), for which antibody and drug are non-covalently connected using complementary DNA linkers. These ADCs are composed of trastuzumab, an antibody targeting HER2 receptors overexpressed on breast cancer cells, and monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) as a drug payload. In this new ADC format, trastuzumab conjugated to a 37-mer oligonucleotide (ON) was prepared and hybridized with its complementary ON modified at 5-end with MMAE (cON-MMAE) in order to obtain trastuzumab-DNA-MMAE. As an advantage, the cON-MMAE was completely soluble in water, which decreases overall hydrophobicity of toxic payload, an important characteristic of ADCs. The stability in the human plasma of these non-engineered ON-based linkers was investigated and showed a satisfactory half-life of 5.8 days for the trastuzumab-DNA format. Finally, we investigated the in vitro cytotoxicity profile of both the DNA-linked ADC and the ON-drug conjugates and compared them with classical covalently linked ADC. Interestingly, we found increased cytotoxicity for MMAE compared to cON-MMAE and an EC50 in the nanomolar range for trastuzumab-DNA-MMAE on HER2-positive cells. Although this proved to be less potent than classically linked ADC with picomolar range EC50, the difference in cytotoxicity between naked payload and conjugated payload was significant when an ON linker was used. We also observed an interesting increase in cytotoxicity of trastuzumab-DNA-MMAE on HER2-negative cells. This was attributed to enhanced non-specific interaction triggered by the DNA strand as it could be confirmed using ligand tracer assay