Between Literary Genres: "Chion of Heracleia"

Predmet je ovoga rada djelo anonimnog autora Hion iz Herakleje. Riječ je o romanu u pismima iz 1. stoljeća pr. Kr. Djelo se sastoji od 17 pisama čija radnja započinje odlaskom glavnog junak Hiona na školovanje u Atenu kod Platona, ali kada je doznao da je u Herakleji zavladao tiranin Klearh, odluči se vratiti kući te spasiti svoj narod. U radu se proučavaju karakteristike koje to djelo čine romanom, a koje ga povezuju s fikcionalnom epistolarnom zbirkom.The subjest of this final project is the work of an unknown author Hion of Hreaclea. This work is a epistolary novel from 1. century BC. The work contains seventeen letters in which hero Chion goes to philosophical school in Athens, but after he finds out that the tyrant Chlearhus is in Heraclea, he decided to return home and save his people. This final project examines the characteristics of this work by the novel, and which one are linked to the fictional epistolary collestion

Utjecaj visine košnje i zrelosti usjeva kukuruza za siliranje na kemijski sastav kukuruzne silaže i kvalitetu fermentacije u silosu

Maize silage (MS) has become one of the major energy components in ruminant nutrition. The maize crop is suitable for ensiling and is of high dry matter (DM) yield and nutritive value. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the effect of cutting height and maize crop maturity at harvest on the chemical composition of MS and fermentation quality in a silo. With an increase in cutting height and maize crop maturity, the content of dry matter (DM) in MS increases to about 400 g DM/kg of fresh crop, after which it does not change, crude protein (CP) CP content increases or remains the same, the ash content decreases or remains the same, starch content increases, and the content of neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) decreases or remains the same. The cutting height and maize crop maturity at harvest have no effect on pH value, lactic, acetic neither butyric acid but increases the amount of ethanol and decreases the ammonium nitrogen (NH3-N) in MS.Kukuruzna silaža (KS) je jedna od glavnih energetskih komponenti obroka u hranidbi preživača. Usjev kukuruza je pogodan za siliranje i ima visoki prinos suhe tvari (ST) po jedinici površine i visoku hranidbenu vrijednost. Primijenjena tehnologija siliranja usjeva kukuruza može utjecati na hranidbenu vrijednost KS. Cilj ovog preglednog rada je prikazati rezultate ranijih istraživanja utjecaja visine košnje i zrelosti usjeva kukuruza za siliranje na kemijski sastav KS i kvalitetu fermentacije u silosu. S povećanjem visine košnje i zrelosti usjeva kukuruza za siliranje, sadržaj ST u KS raste do oko 400 g ST/kg svježeg usjeva, nakon čega se ne mijenja, sadržaj sirovih proteina (SP) raste ili ostaje isti, sadržaj pepela se smanjuje ili ostaje isti, sadržaj škroba raste, a sadržaj neutralnih detergent vlakana (NDV), kiselih detergent vlakana (KDV) i kiselog detergent lignina (KDL) se smanjuje ili ostaje isti. Visina košnje i zrelost usjeva kukuruza za siliranje ne utječu na pH vrijednost, sadržaj mliječne, octene i maslačne kiseline, ali povećavaju sadržaj etanola i smanjuju sadržaj amonijskog dušika (NH3-N) u KS

Utjecaj zrelosti i visine košnje usjeva kukuruza za siliranje na proizvodne karakteristike mliječnih krava i junadi u tovu

Maize silage (MS) is one of the most important energy forage used in ruminant diets because of its high energy content and good palatability. It can be fed as a sole feed or as a component of the ration for dairy and beef cattle. The aim of this paper is to review results published on maize crop maturity and cutting height in relation to yield and quality of MS with respect to dairy and beef cattle performance. As MS cutting height increases, dry matter yield (DM) decreases, but quality (MS) and animal performance increase, which is related to larger proportion of less digestible stalk remaining in the field. Higher cutting height of MS results in lower neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content, higher milk production and consequently lower milk fat (MF) content. MS maturity has a positive effect on animal performance up to a DM content of 280 – 330 g kg-1 fresh sample. Thereafter, DM intake, daily milk production (DMP) and crude protein content (CP) in milk mostly decrease or remain the same, as well as daily live weight gain (LWG) of beef cattle due to lower digestibility of organic matter (OM), starch and NDF in MS with higher DM content. It can be concluded that the cutting height and maturity of maize crop represent a kind of a compromise between DM and the starch content in MS, the fibre content necessary to maintain the function and health of the digestive system of ruminants, and the nutrient content of the feed to achieve maximum animal performance.Kukuruzna silaža (KS) je jedno od glavnih energetskih krmiva koja se koriste u hranidbi preživača zbog visokog sadržaja energije i visoke palatabilnosti. Može se koristiti kao jedino krmivo ili kao komponenta obroka za mliječna i tovna goveda. Cilj ovog rada je dati pregled objavljenih rezultata istraživanja zrelosti usjeva kukuruza za siliranje i visine košnje na proizvodnost mliječnih i tovnih goveda. S povećanjem visine košnje usjeva kukuruza za siliranje smanjuje se prinos suhe tvari (ST) KS, povećava se kvaliteta KS kao i proizvodnost životinja uglavnom radi veće kvalitete KS. Veća visina košnje KS rezultira nižim sadržajem neutralnih detergent vlakana (NDV), većom proizvodnjom mlijeka i posljedično nižim sadržajem mliječne masti (MM) u mlijeku. Zrelost KS pozitivno utječe na proizvodnost životinja do sadržaja ST od 280 – 330 g kg-1 svježeg uzorka, nakon čega se dnevna konzumacija (ST), proizvodnja mlijeka i sadržaj SP u mlijeku uglavnom smanjuje ili ostaje isti kao i dnevni prirast goveda radi niže probavljivosti organske tvari (OT), škroba i NDV u KS većeg sadržaja ST. Može se zaključiti da visina košnje i zrelost usjeva kukuruza za siliranje predstavljaju svojevrsni kompromis između sadržaja ST i škroba u KS, sadržaja vlakana potrebnih za održavanje funkcije i zdravlja probavnog sustava preživača, te sadržaja hranjivih tvari u obroku za postizanje maksimalne proizvodnosti životinja

Ensiling of the whole maize plant

Silirana cijela biljka kukuruza (Zea mays L.) se uobičajeno koristi za hranidbu preživača, prvenstveno radi visoke pogodnosti biljke kukuruza za siliranje, visokog sadržaja energije i visokog prinosa suhe tvari (ST) po jedinici površine. Cilj ovog rada je prikazati tehnološke zahvate u proizvodnji kukuruzne silaže od odabira hibrida kukuruza za sjetvu, gustoću sklopa usjeva kukuruza za siliranje, zrelost usjeva kukuruza za siliranje, visinu košnje, prinos, duljinu sjeckanja, primjenu aditiva za siliranje, zatvaranje silosa te fermentaciju u silosu. Proizvodnja kukuruzne silaže se može potpuno mehanizirati, a usjev se kosi jedan puta godišnje, pa su niži troškovi radne snage i mehanizacije u usporedbi s npr. proizvodnjom travne silaže/sjenaže gdje se kosi i silira nekoliko otkosa krme tijekom vegetacijske sezone. Biljka kukuruza se silira nekoliko tjedana prije žetve kukuruza za zrno, pa se prema potrebi, određene površine pod kukuruzom za siliranje mogu žeti kasnije za proizvodnju zrna. Razvoj hibrida kukuruza je ključan u globalnim trendovima proizvodnje kukuruzne silaže, a izbor hibrida za sjetvu je najvažniji čimbenik profitabilne proizvodnje kukuruzne silaže. Prinos i hranidbena vrijednost kukuruzne silaže su ovisni o mikroklimatskim uvjetima uzgoja, svim agrotehničkim zahvatima uzgoja usjeva kukuruza te pravovremenoj i usklađenoj provedbi tehnoloških postupaka siliranja biljke kukuruza od košnje, punjenja i zatvaranja silosa do završetka fermentacije u silosuThe ensiled whole maize plant is commonly used for feeding ruminants primarily for the high suitability of maize plant for ensiling, high energy content, and high dry matter yield (ST) per unit area. The aim of this paper is to present the basic aspects of maize silage production related to the selection of maize hybrids for sowing, density of corn crop for ensiling, maturity of maize for ensiling, mowing height, yield, cutting length, application of silage additives, and closure of fermentation in a silo. Maize silage production can be fully mechanized and the crop is mowed once a year, so labor and mechanization costs are lower compared to, for example, grass silage/haylage production where several forage cuts are obtained over the vegetation season. The corn for ensiling is harvested a few weeks before the full maturity, and if necessary, certain areas under silage corn can be used for grain production. The development of maize hybrids is crucial in global trends in maize silage production, and the choice of hybrids is the most important factor in profitable maize silage production. Yield and nutritional value of corn silage depend on microclimatic growing conditions, all the agro-technology applied for crop growing and timely ensiling from harvesting, filling and closing the silo to the end of fermentation in the silo

Toxicity of abamectin to the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber (Isopoda, Crustacea).

To determine effects of the antiparasitic veterinary drug abamectin on the isopod Porcellio scaber, animals were exposed for 21 days to Lufa 2.2 soil spiked at concentrations of 3-300 mg/kg dry soil. After exposure, abamectin residues in the isopods were analysed using a novel analytical method. Toxicity was evaluated on different levels of biological organisation: biochemical, cellular and the individual organism. Measurements included glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity and stability of cell membranes in the digestive gland, animal mass gain or loss, food consumption, behaviour and mortality. LC50 for the effect of abamectin on survival of P. scaber was 71 mg/kg dry soil. The most obvious sublethal effects were reduced food consumption and decreased body mass (NOEC 3 mg/kg dry soil). Additionally, loss of digging activity and reduced GST activity (NOEC 30 mg/kg dry soil) and cell membrane destabilization (NOEC 10 mg/kg dry soil) were recorded. Abamectin only slightly accumulated in the isopods, with bioaccumulation factors always being <0.1. Based on these results and current information on environmental levels of abamectin, it is not likely that isopods will be affected by abamectin, but further studies with exposure through faeces are recommended. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

Developing the Silver Economy and Related Government Resources for Seniors: A Position Paper

The precarious rights of senior citizens, especially those who are highly educated and who are expected to counsel and guide the younger generations, has stimulated the creation internationally of advocacy associations and opinion leader groups. The strength of these groups, however, varies from country to country. In some countries, they are supported and are the focus of intense interest; in others, they are practically ignored. For this is reason we believe that the creation of a network of all these associations is essential. The proposed network would act as a support for the already-existing policies of the United Nations' High Commission for Human Rights, of independent experts, and of the Global Alliance for the Rights of Older People. All three have long ago recommended the creation of a recognized instrument for uniting presently scattered efforts. The proposed network, therefore, will seek to promote the international exchange of relevant expertise, and it will reinforce the commitments and actions that single countries are currently taking to meet these objectives. For example, informative public events can be organised to promote particular support initiatives and to provide an opportunity for new members of the network to be presented. The network will promote health for senior citizens, disease prevention, senior mobility, safe free time for seniors, alimentary education, protection against new risks and dangers, as well as equity in the services necessary for seniors to adopt new information and communication technologies. In the case of retired academic members, the network will promote equality with respect to continuing use of digital technologies (particularly email), continuing access to research libraries, and the guaranteed ability for seniors to fund their own research programs and to deliver free seminars

Developing the Silver Economy and Related Government Resources for Seniors: A Position Paper

The precarious rights of senior citizens, especially those who are highly educated and who are expected to counsel and guide the younger generations, has stimulated the creation internationally of advocacy associations and opinion leader groups. The strength of these groups, however, varies from country to country. In some countries, they are supported and are the focus of intense interest; in others, they are practically ignored. For this is reason we believe that the creation of a network of all these associations is essential. The proposed network would act as a support for the already-existing policies of the United Nations’ High Commission for Human Rights, of independent experts, and of the Global Alliance for the Rights of Older People. All three have long ago recommended the creation of a recognized instrument for uniting presently scattered efforts. The proposed network, therefore, will seek to promote the international exchange of relevant expertise, and it will reinforce the commitments and actions that single countries are currently taking to meet these objectives. For example, informative public events can be organised to promote particular support initiatives and to provide an opportunity for new members of the network to be presented. The network will promote health for senior citizens, disease prevention, senior mobility, safe free time for seniors, alimentary education, protection against new risks and dangers, as well as equity in the services necessary for seniors to adopt new information and communication technologies. In the case of retired academic members, the network will promote equality with respect to continuing use of digital technologies (particularly email), continuing access to research libraries, and the guaranteed ability for seniors to fund their own research programs and to deliver free seminars

Ozelenjevanje mest kot orodje za zmanjševanje učinka toplotnega otoka

Roofs, as the top layer of the urban environment, significantly contribute to overheating and creating a heat island, which is known as one of the most critical global warming effects. There are several ways to mitigate the effects of such heat islands, among which greening is the most natural, sustainable solution, and also economically acceptable and socially valued principle. Vegetation is known to significantly improve the urban microclimate and directly reduce the effect of the urban thermal core. At the Environmental Protection College in collaboration with the Institute Complementarium, both based in Slovenia, we conducted a pilot experiment to evaluate greening, in our case the principle of a flat green roof, as an effective and promising approach for reducing an urban heat island and its effects. Temperature measurements have shown that the green surface can lower both the surface temperature itself (e.g., the roof) and the air surrounding the green surface. We have presented an initial pilot case, which is planned to be upgraded in the future to confirm our current results and assumptions. In addition, we summarized data showing that Velenje is, in view of annual higher average temperatures, a highly suitable urban environment for the introduction of greening principles on the top urban layers.Strehe kot zgornja plast mestnega okolja največ prispevajo k pregrevanju in ustvarjanju mesta kot toplotnega otoka. Le-ta je znan kot eden najpomembnejših učinkov globalnega segrevanja. Obstaja več načinov blaženja učinkov toplotnega otoka, med katerimi je ozelenjevanje najbolj naraven, trajnostno usmerjen način ter hkrati ekonomsko sprejemljiv in družbeno zelo cenjen princip. Znano je, da vegetacija znatno izboljšuje mestno mikroklimo in neposredno zmanjšuje učinek urbanega toplotnega jedra. Na Visoki šoli za varstvo okolja smo v sodelovanju z inštitutom Complementarium - oba sta locirana v Sloveniji - izvedli pilotni eksperiment, s katerim smo poskusili ovrednotiti ozelenjevanje, v našem primeru princip ravne zelene strehe, kot učinkovit in perspektiven pristop k zmanjševanju urbanega toplotnega otoka in njegovih učinkov. S temperaturnimi meritvami smo ugotovili, da lahko zelena površina znižuje tako temperaturo površine same (npr. strehe) kot tudi zraka v njeni bližnji okolici. Predstavili smo začetni pilotni primer, ki ga želimo v prihodnosti nadgraditi in tako pridobiti podatke, ki bodo naše rezultate in predpostavke potrdili. Hkrati pa smo izpostaviti podatke, ki kažejo, da je mesto Velenje glede na porast letnih povprečnih temperatur zelo primerno urbano okolje za vzpostavitev zelenih površin na zgornjih plasteh mestnega pokrova