483 research outputs found

    Union Wage Differentials in Great Britain: Recognition or Membership?

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    This paper presents estimates of union wage differentials and explores to what extent they are affected by the degree of unionisation. For this purpose, data at the individual level obtained from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) are used. Our results support the hypothesis that the union wage premium is mainly a recognition premium. For the period 1995-1997 our estimate of the recognition premium is about 4%. This result takes into account unobserved worker heterogeneity and is obtained by using a more efficient panel data estimator compared to earlier studies.

    European Tax Survey

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    In order to have a better understanding of the impact of taxation on companies' decisions and activities, and potential costs that may arise from the lack of coordination in this area at EU level, the European Commission's Taxation and Customs Union Directorate-General launched a European Tax Survey. Seven hundred companies active in the EU participated in the Survey providing information on a large number of tax compliance related issues. Company responses included quantitative estimates of their compliance costs and opinions on a number of issues related to tax systemsEuropean Union, Taxation, Compliance costs

    Roots Withstanding their Environment: Exploiting Root System Architecture Responses to Abiotic Stress to Improve Crop Tolerance

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    To face future challenges in crop production dictated by global climate changes, breeders and plant researchers collaborate to develop productive crops that are able to withstand a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses. However, crop selection is often focused on shoot performance alone, as observation of root properties is more complex and asks for artificial and extensive phenotyping platforms. In addition, most root research focuses on development, while a direct link to the functionality of plasticity in root development for tolerance is often lacking. In this paper we review the currently known root system architecture (RSA) responses in Arabidopsis and a number of crop species to a range of abiotic stresses, including nutrient limitation, drought, salinity, flooding, and extreme temperatures. For each of these stresses, the key molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the RSA response are highlighted. To explore the relevance for crop selection, we especially review and discuss studies linking root architectural responses to stress tolerance. This will provide a first step toward understanding the relevance of adaptive root development for a plant's response to its environment. We suggest that functional evidence on the role of root plasticity will support breeders in their efforts to include root properties in their current selection pipeline for abiotic stress tolerance, aimed to improve the robustness of crops

    Functional materials based on multiple hydrogen bonding motifs

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    The Slottsmøya marine reptile Lagerstätte: depositional environments, taphonomy and diagenesis

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    The Late Jurassic Slottsmøya Member Lagerstätte on Spitsbergen offers a unique opportunity to study the relationships between vertebrate fossil preservation, invertebrate occurrences and depositional environment. In this study, 21 plesiosaurian and 17 ichthyosaur specimens are described with respect to articulation, landing mode, preservation, and possible predation and scavenging. The stratigraphic distribution of marine reptiles in the Slottsmøya Member is analysed, and a correlation between high total organic content, low oxygen levels, few benthic invertebrates and optimal reptile preservation is observed. A new model for 3D preservation of vertebrates in highly compacted organic shales is explained

    Deadly combinations:Hybrid incompatibilities in the parasitic wasp genus <i>Nasonia</i>

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    Invloed man zijn en DNA-hoeveelheid bij soortvorming parasitaire wespen Sinds Darwin’s The Origin of Species is er veel onderzoek gedaan naar de processen die een rol spelen bij soortvorming. Het promotieonderzoek van Tosca Koevoets richt zich op het vroege stadium in het proces van soortvorming. Wanneer groepen niet meer in contact staan met elkaar, zullen ze langzaam ten gaan veranderen ten opzichte van elkaar, totdat zij verschillende soorten zijn geworden. Uiteindelijk zullen deze soorten genetisch zo veranderd zijn, dat het combineren van DNA van de verschillende soorten niet meer mogelijk is, wat tot uiting komt in allerlei problemen in de hybride nakomelingen. Deze problemen blijken in het beginstadium van soortvorming anders te zijn in mannen dan in vrouwen. Om te onderzoeken waar dit door komt, maakte Koevoets gebruik van parasitaire wespensoorten uit het geslacht Nasonia. Wespen hebben geen geslachtschromosomen, maar vrouwen ontstaan uit bevruchte eitjes en mannen uit onbevruchte eitjes. Vrouwen hebben dus twee keer zoveel DNA als mannen. Ook bij wespen bleken mannen kwetsbaarder voor hybridisatie dan vrouwen. Deze kwetsbaarheid werd zelfs nog groter onder stressomstandigheden. Dit werd veroorzaakt doordat mannen minder genetische variatie hebben, maar ook doordat ze überhaupt minder DNA hebben. Via een genetische techniek kunnen we er voor zorgen dat bevruchte eitjes (dus eigenlijk bestemd om vrouw te worden) zich tot man ontwikkelen. Daardoor kon onderzocht worden wat belangrijker is: man zijn of de hoeveelheid DNA. Natuurlijk lag het antwoord in het midden; beide facetten bleken belangrijk. Dit onderzoek toont aan dat genetische interacties, de hoeveelheid DNA en de genetische variatie belangrijke aspecten zijn bij het ontstaan van soorten

    Functional materials based on multiple hydrogen bonding motifs

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