Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals on Total Suspended Particles in Semi Urban, Urban, and Industrial Areas, of Bandung Metropolitan Area, Indonesia

Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) in ambient air contain metallic elements and can be inhaled by humans. Inhaled metal elements risk public health with long-term exposure because metallic elements are carcinogenic in the human body. This study aimed to analyze metallic elements and assess their risk to public health in the Bandung area and its surroundings. The metal elements analyzed in this research are Pb, Al, and Mn. Ambient air sampling was carried out in five industrial areas: Bandung Wetan, Buahbatu, Cibeureum, Padalarang, and Cimahi. High Volume Air Sampler (HVAS) is for sampling TSP in ambient air, and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) was used to analyze metallic elements. The results of the study showed that the Cimahi location gave the highest TSP level (126.7 g/m3) and the lowest is Padalarang (15.1µg/m3). The metal elements concentrations, Pb, Al, and Mn were varied widely of 7.1–29.21 ng/m3, 1054.9–1700.1 ng/m3, and 8.91–14.79 ng/m3, respectively. Risk analysis was determined by calculating ADDinhale, Hazard Quotient (HQ), and Hazard Index (HI) to determine whether there is a potential non–carcinogenic effect on public health. Each industrial area gives an HI value > 1, and Buahbatu has the highest HI. This study proves that Pb significantly contributes to the increased risk of community exposure to non-carcinogenic effects

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF TRACE METALS (Pb, Cr, Cu AND Zn) IN SEDIMENTS OF THE BERAU DELTA, EAST KALIMANTAN AND THEIR ACCUMULATION IN BENTHIC BIOTA

Berau delta is a coastal ecosystem where man-made activities are relatively low. The present study has investigated spatial distribution of Pb, Cr, Cu and Zn in sediments and their implication to benthic biota. The result of our study showed that metal concentrations varied from undetected to 55.53 mg kg-1 for Pb and from 3.28 to 22.9 mg kg-1 for Cu, while for Cr and Zn vary from 9.65 to 64.67 mg kg-1 and 10.00 to 1,200 mg kg-1, respectively. The concentrations of Pb, Cu, Cr and Zn in Anadara sp were 7.53 ± 2.06, 4.92 ± 0.55, 1.44 ± 0.12 and 97.87 ± 9.12 mg kg-1 dry weight (dw), respectively. On the other hand, the Pb, Cr, Cu and Zn in Telescopium mauritsi were 4.49 ± 0.03, 0.87 ± 0.05, 259.0 ± 0.01 and 64.78 ± 0.01 mg kg-1 dw, respectively. In conclusion, spatial distribution of trace metals (Pb, Cu, Cr and Zn) in sediments showed that higher concentrations were found in the southern part of the delta, and the accumulation of the metals by mollusk might reflect natural concentrations in biota

Total arsenic in tuna fish candidate reference material preparations: homogeneity and stability testing

Reference material plays an important role in analytical measurements. Total arsenic was analyzed in tuna fish samples using three different preparation methods for stability. The stability of total arsenic in tuna fish was evaluated over 12 months, under room temperature storage condition. Each measurement was conducted in triplicate in three different laboratories. Statistical analysis was carried out using Student's t-test. Two different methods were conducted to confirm homogeneity of the candidate reference material in this study. Random bottle number was applied in this analysis. Statistical analysis was carried out and the homogeneity for total arsenic was calculated using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The statistical results showed no significant changes in stability and the sample was homogeneous. The candidate reference material developed in this study demonstrated its suitability for quality assurance of the total arsenic measurement in tuna fish

MERCURY AND ARSENIC CONTENT IN SEAFOOD SAMPLES FROM THE JAKARTA FISHING PORT, INDONESIA

Mercury and arsenic are considered to be among the most toxic metals and have been associated with serious adverse health effects. These two trace metals and other contaminants that are found in fish products are therefore of public concern for food-safety reason.  Hence, we selected three marine species to study i.e., yellow fin tuna, marlin and green mussels because of their economic values in the international and local markets. The objective of our study was to determine the arsenic and mercury content in these three marine species as a first step in monitoring metal content in seafood products.  The tissue samples of tuna and marlin were collected from the Jakarta fishing port, while the green mussels was collected from aqua-culture sites in Jakarta Bay.  The metal content was determined by ICP-MS and validated using CRM DORM-2 and DORM-3. The speciation of arsenic (organic and inorganic forms) was determined using HPLC-ICPMS.All measurements were based on dry weight samples. The result showed that the mercury concentration in yellow-fin tuna, marlin and green mussel samples was 0.68 ± 0.08 mg kg-1, 0.56 ± 0.06 mg kg-1 and 1.51 ± 0.10 mg kg-1, respectively. The total arsenic concentration in yellow-fin tuna, marlin and green mussel samples was 3.47 ± 0.21 mg kg-1, 2.71 ± 0.18 mg kg-1, and 6.77 ± 0.32 mg kg-1, respectively.  The mercury content in the fish tissue was below the maximum allowable concentration (National Standard of Indonesia 1.0 mg kg-1), except for the green mussels.  For total arsenic concentration, all the samples were above the national standard concentration (1.0 mg kg-1). The organic arsenic species arsenobetain (AB) found in tuna and marlin fish samples was not toxic. Inorganic and organic arsenic was found in the green mussel samples. Our results suggest that there is a need to establish a national program to regularly monitor the content of selected trace metals in fishery products

Homogeneity and stability testing of a candidate reference material for the determination of total arsenic in tuna fish sample

Total arsenic was analysed in tuna fish samples, a candidate Reference Material (RM), using three different preparation methods for stability and the homogeneity test of the RM in two different laboratories. The analytical methods were validated using CRM DORM-2 and DORM-3. No significant difference was observed between aliquots of the candidate reference material. The statistical results also showed there were no significant changes in stability of the candidate material over 12 months at room temperature. The candidate reference material developed in the present study demonstrated its suitability for quality assurance of the total arsenic measurement in tuna fish. Arsenic speciation of the RM was also measured but has not been validated against a suitable CRM

ESTIMASI INHALATION EXPOSURE CONSENTRATION (IEC) PARTIKULAT TERESPIRASI DAN BLACK CARBON DI KAWASAN INDUSTRI DAERAH BANDUNG DAN CIMAHI

Salah satu dampak dari aktivitas industri adalah pencemaran udara ambien akibat paparan partikulat terespirasi dan Black Carbon (BC) yang berdampak pada kesehatan pekerjanya. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kawasan Industri Kota Bandung dan Cimahi di lima (5) lokasi titik sampling yaitu Cibeureum, Cimahi, Padalarang, Bandung Wetan dan Buahbatu. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis kualitas udara di area tersebut berdasarkan indeks ISPU dan Inhalation Exposure Concentration (IEC) dari TSP, PM10, PM2.5 dan BC. IEC dihitung sebagai potensi paparan partikulat respirasi dan BC kepada pekerja melalui jalur inhalasi. Studi ini membuktikan bahwa di Kawasan Industri daerah Bandung dan Cimahi mengandung BC rentang 0,90-1,65 µg/m3. Sedangkan tingkat pencemaran udara untuk PM2.5 di kawasan industri, daerah Bandung Wetan berada dikategori “Sedang” dan daerah Buahbatu menunjukkan kategori “Tidak Sehat”. Hasil perhitungan IEC diketahui bahwa bagi pekerja outdoor dan masyarakat di kawasan industri daerah Bandung dan Cimahi terpapar IEC TSP berkisar 10,29-36,99 µg/m3; IEC PM10 berkisar 6,65-34,69 µg/m3; IEC PM2,5 antara 2,24-19,83µg/m3 dan BC ada di rentang 0,20-0,36µg/m3. PM2.5 dan PM10 berkorelasi positif dengan TSP dengan nilai korelasi  berturut-turut r= 0,999 dan r = 0,909

Assessment of metal levels and pollution indices of the Songor Wetland, Ghana

Sediment, soil and fish samples collected from the Songor Wetland were assessed for the spatial distributions of metal (Al, Fe, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cu, Pb, As, Cd and Hg) levels and contamination loads, using pollution indices and multivariate analysis. The samples were processed through microwave digestions (Soil and Sediment: [HNO3, HCl, HF, H2O2]; Fish: [HNO3, H2O2]), followed by the analysis of extracts using ICP-MS. The results displayed patchiness of metal levels in the sediment and soil samples, and in some cases, defying the established trend that levels of metals in sediments are generally higher than in soils. The differences in the results were ascribed to geological dominance and anthropogenic impacts. The finfish species displayed relatively higher bioaccumulation patterns of the metal levels than crustaceans. Aluminium (Al) and Zn levels were moderately enriched in sediment and soil samples. Overall enrichment factors ([EF {Al} and EF {Fe}]) suggested low to minimal enrichment except in a few cases. Pollution Load Index (PLI) based on Contamination Factor (CF) suggested that metal loads were less than baseline levels. On the other hand, Pearson Correlation Coefficient demonstrated that the metals present in the wetland were more lithogenic with remarkable inputs of biogenic and anthropogenic components. Principal Component Analysis revealed an association of Zn to the western section of the wetland, Cd, and Hg to the eastern part while the remaining metals were concentrated at the mid-section of the wetland. Lead (Pb) levels (1.10 ± 0.70 mg/kg) in finfishes exceeded the EU Regulation 1881/2006/EU (0.05 mg/kg) for fish tissues and could pose public health concerns