FASTING IN HYBRID GROUPER EPINEPHELUS FUSCOGUTTATUS X EPINEPHELUS LANCEOLATUS IN RELATION TO PROXIMATE CONTENTS, GROWTH AND FEED EFFICIENCY

Fasting in fish is commonly used to improve the quality of fish product post-slaughtered. This study aims to investigate the alteration in nutrient contents, growth, and feed efficiency of hybrid grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus x E. lanceolatus fasted at different intervals. There were two experiments conducted in this study. The first experiment evaluated alteration in nutrient contents of carcass and liver of hybrid groupers. The fishes were grouped into three feeding regimes: fed daily, fasted at a one-day interval, and fasted at a two-day interval. Each group had 50 fishes with an initial mean weight of 200 ± 11.3 g. The second experiment was to evaluate the growth and feed efficiency of the fishes. Hybrid groupers were subjected to two feeding regimes. The first group (n = 45) was fed daily, and the second group of fish (n = 45) fasted at a two-day interval. The first and second experiments were conducted for one and two months, respectively. The results show that hybrid groupers fed daily have the lowest protein and the highest fat in the carcass compared to those fasted on one- or two-day interval. During the first month, there was no difference between the growth rate of the fishes fed daily and fasted at a two-day interval (32.88 and 32.08%, respectively). However, in the second month, the fishes fed daily have a growth rate of 66.08%, which is 1.4 times higher than those fasted at a two-day interval (48.12%). Altogether, fasting in hybrid groupers could alter proximate contents, slow down growth, and improve feed efficiency

KLAUS WYRTKI AND THE MODERN ERA OF THE MARITIME CONTINENT OCEANOGRAPHY

The December 2019 issue of Marine Research in Indonesia on "Oceanography of the Indonesian Seas" is dedicated to Klaus Wyrtki. In many ways, Klaus Wyrtki's contribution to the study of the Indonesian seas served as a smooth transition from the era of the great expeditions such as the Dutch Willebrord Snellius Expedition (1929-1930; see Wüst, 1964; van Aken, 2005) of the early and mid-20th century to the modern era. In the NAGA Report (Wyrtki, 1961; also see Wyrtki, 2005), Klaus used existing ocean observations, supplemented with data he helped collect on the Indonesian research ship Samudera during his sojourn in Indonesia (1954-1957) as Head of the Institute of Marine Research in Jakarta to map out a broad view of the Southeast Asian waters (the waters of the Maritime Continent including the Indonesian seas). He presented the geography, the configuration of the seas and basins of the Southeast Asian waters, the surface circulation, and governing dynamics, including the tides and monsoonal driven seasonality, and the temperature/salinity surface layer patterns, as well as aspects of the subsurface stratification. The Plates 1-44 beautifully reveal the oceanographic condition of the Southeast Asian waters as resolved by the pre-1960 observations. As Klaus Wyrtki says in the NAGA Report Preface: "It is hoped that workers in the region, whether in oceanography or other branches of science may find it a source of information and a stimulus to undertake further research in these waters" and "The scientific publications dealing with this region show not so much a lack of observations as a lack of an adequate attempt to synthesize these results to give a comprehensive description of the region." "I soon decided to devote most of my time during my three years’ stay in Indonesia to the preparation of a general description of the oceanography of these waters." He succeeded

BRIDGING COASTAL RESEARCH PROGRAM BETWEEN INDONESIA AND JAPAN

The JSPS Core-to-Core Research and Education Network on Coastal Ecosystems in Southeast Asia (RENSEA) 2016-2019 program has benefited Indonesian and Japanese researchers, as well as researchers in Southeast Asia. The program consists of three research groups; G1: Physical oceanography, G2: Biodiversity, and G3: Marine pollution. Considering the vast geographical area of Indonesia, managing joint research at the national level is challenging. Few active members, lack of funding, as well as the reorganization of research institutions over the last two years, pose more challenges. Funding as an engine of research execution has become highly competitive in recent years; therefore, research groups need to be more active in securing available funding at the national level, such as the COREMAP-CTI demand-driven research program, LPDP research scheme, and INSINAS research fund. From the science management perspective, the regional Core-to-Core RENSEA program needs to adapt to global trends in marine science with closer communication during the planning and execution of research projects. We recommend that joint research projects are developed to have more joint supervisory of graduate students; therefore, the collaboration would result in joint research publications and formal degrees for young scientists at the end of the program. In this way, the JSPS Core-to-Core program would have more significant benefits to the development of coastal science and research cooperation

DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE OF GASTROPODS IN THE INTERTIDAL ZONE OF WATUKARUNG, INDONESIA

We present the density, diversity, and environmental conditions of gastropods in the Watukarung intertidal zone ? a coastal region of Pacitan Regency, Indonesia, adjoining the Indian Ocean. Gastropods play an important role in coastal ecosystems. In Watukarung, the local people collect marine organisms, including gastropods during low tide to supplement their income. Baseline information on the presence and abundance of gastropods in Watukarung are not available. Our survey collected 173 individuals of gastropod in the intertidal area of Watukarung that represent 8 families, 9 genera, and 13 species. Gastropod diversity index (H') in the three beaches (Ngalorombo, Pasir Putih, and Kasap) show varying values from the categories of low and medium species diversity. Although the data suggest that there should be a dominant species in the ecosystem (E < 0.5), there are no strong dominance species in the community (C < 0.5). Watukarung coastal waters are still in good condition for marine organisms with salinity > 31‰, DO > 8.1 mg/L, and pH > 8. The substrate is dominated by coarse sand. The total organic matter is relatively low (< 2.6%) due to characteristics of the substrate that is dominated by a rocky and sandy substrate. Based on the results, we suggest that Kasap beach can be established as a core zone considering its high diversity and density of gastropods as well as being distant from any residential area, whereas Ngalorombo and Pasir Putih beaches are suitable as usage zones for surfing tourism. We highlight the need for the local community, government, and private sector need to work together to encourage sustainably tourism while reducing environmental impacts in Watukarung

THE BUDGET OF MIXED LAYER SALINITY IN THE SOUTHEAST INDIAN OCEAN DURING LAST DECADE

The last decade of mixed layer salinity budget in the southeast Indian Ocean is evaluated by using monthly gridded Argo dataset from January 2004 to December 2015. The evaluation of salinity budget through the examination of evaporative, precipitation, Ekman advection, geostrophic advection and entrainment terms. The mixed layer salinity (MLS) in SETIO tend to fresher in 2004-2014 and slightly saltier again in 2015. The cycle of MLS closely follows the freshwater flux of atmospheric forcing. The Ekman and geostrophic advection are smaller than the atmospheric terms. Even though, the geostrophic advection tends to make MLS fresher. The vertical entrainment competes with the atmospheric flux to make saltier the MLS

SEDIMENT CARBON STOCK OF WEST KALIMANTAN MANGROVE FORESTS

We investigate variation in sediment carbon stock at Mempawah and Bakau Besar in West Kalimantan by analyzing organic carbon content from sediment samples taken within 20 cm depth. Our results show that organic carbon stock of sediments in Bakau Besar is generally higher than in Mempawah that may be due to riverine input of organic carbon into the mangrove forests. The riverine input of organic carbon is influenced tides, in which we find that organic carbon loads are higher during high tide compared to low tide. In particular, we find high organic carbon contents at a station in Mempawah (Station 3; 6.46 ± 0.23 tons C/ha) and another station in Bakau Besar (Station 2; 14.93 ± 1.43 tons C/ha). These two stations have mangrove density of 13,519 individuals/ha and 9,928 individuals/ha, respectively. We conclude that high organic carbon is influenced by riverine input as well as a high density of mangrove and the dominant type of mangrove vegetation at the sites

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF TUNA LARVAE IN THE BANDA SEA WITH RELATION TO ITS CONSERVATION

Tuna is the single important export fishery commodity in Indonesia, which The Banda Sea is one of the important tuna fishing ground in which it belongs to fisheries management area (FMA) 714. More recently, some areas of the Banda Sea have been preserved for tuna conservation since January 2015 because it is indicated as the spawning area. Despite the conservation area has been enacted, information on the distribution of tuna larvae as a key variable for establishing conservation area in the Banda Sea is very limited. This study aims to provide the information on the tuna larvae encompassing the spatial distribution and tuna larval development stage as an important input to establish tuna conservation area. Tuna larvae data were collected from several surveys that were done in the Banda Sea over 4 decades. Those study consisted of 21 surveys by using three types of gears to collect tuna larvae sample. Total of 143 stations have been sampled from these surveys and tuna larvae were found in 57 stations. The body length of larvae tuna was 7.36 ± 0.33 mm (mean ± SE). Overall, tuna larvae found in the Banda Sea were in the pre-flexion, flexion, and post-flexion stage. Meanwhile, tuna larvae in pre-flexion stage found in the nearshore area. We concluded this study result supported the hypothesis that tuna may spawn in the Banda Sea. Therefore, more studies on tuna larvae need to be conducted to clarify properly the Banda Sea is an important tuna conservation location

THE OXYSTOMATOUS CRABS OF THE BARUNA EXPEDITION

Oxystomata constitutes the smallest number of species among the Brachyura collected during the BARUNA  EXPEDITION. Fourteen species, among which of two the idetification is doubtful, have been studied and included in this paper. Though only few species recorded, many of them are to be more closely studied to ascertain their true position In taxonomy

UTILIZATION OF COASTAL ZONE IN INDONESIA. PRESENT STATUS OF OYSTER, SEAWEED AND COCKLE CULTURE

Maricullure in coastal zone, such as the bays, inlets, or lagoons in coral reef is becoming more important in the world fishery activities. In Indonesia, some culture experiments are being conducted, such as for oyster (Crassostrea tuculata BORN) in Banten Bay, and seaweed (Eucheuma spinosum) in Samaringa Islands (Central Sulawesi) and Talang islands (Riau Archipelago), while culture of cockle (Anadara granose LIN.) based on a simple method have been conducted by local fishermen from Ketapang (West Jawa) since several years ago. Some preliminary results of culture experiments are given

EVIDENCE FOR TIDAL UPWELLING ACROSS THE SILL OF AMBON BAY

Temperature observations across the sill of Ambon Bay in August 1982 and a model suggest that during the upwelling season of the south east monsoon tidal upwelling on the flood tide can suck thermocline water up the outer slope of the sill from a depth of 50 to 80 m. The water enters over the 10 m sill and replaces the bottom water in the inner part of Ambon Bay