MODIFICATION OF TURC METHOD TO DETERMINE THE WATER YIELDS OF SUB-BASINS IN THRACE REGION OF TURKEY

In this research, directly measured flow values in three different basins in Thrace region, that is located in the Northwest Part of Turkey, were compared to the computed ones applying the Turc method to these basins. It is concluded that Turc method with original coefficients, 300 and 0.9, could not be used because of huge discrepancies between the measured and calculated values. Instead, coefficients of 601 and 0.65, respectively, were used after the correction using long term measured flow rates. Employing the modified Turc method for these research basins, reservoirs volume are reduced by 50.7 %. This may decrease the total cost of the reservoirs by about 20-30 % through reducing occupied surface area, embankment and crest height

Validation of Dam-Break Problem over Dry Bed using SPH

In this study, a comparison was made between experimental and numerical analysis results using the classical dam-break test case over dry bed. DualSPHysics software based on Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method was used to make the numerical analysis. Experimental data were obtained from Kocaman [1]'s laboratory setup through image processing technique. It was observed that the numerical and experimental results are in good agreement

Numerical Investigation of Dam-Break Flow over a Bottom Obstacle Using Eulerian Finite Element Method

Dam-break flows can cause major destructions in case settlements located atthe downstream area. Since many people live in the settlements, investigations regarding the dam-break flow have great importance.Dam break flow characteristics can become variousbased on different downstream conditions. In this study, an investigation was made relating tothe dam break flow in a channel with symmetrical triangular-shaped bottom obstacle using Finite Element Method (FEM) formulation. Numerical results of the present study were compared with experimental results. It was concluded that numerical and experimental results are in good agreement

Factors influencing fatigue in UK nurses working in respiratory clinical areas during the second wave of the Covid‐19 pandemic: An online survey

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This study explores UK nurses' experiences of working in a respiratory clinical area during the COVID‐19 pandemic over winter 2020. BACKGROUND: During the first wave of the pandemic, nurses working in respiratory clinical areas experienced significant levels of anxiety and depression. As the pandemic has progressed, levels of fatigue in nurses have not been assessed. METHODS: A cross‐sectional e‐survey was distributed via professional respiratory societies and social media. The survey included Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD7), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ9, depression), a resilience scale (RS‐14) and Chalder mental and physical fatigue tools. The STROBE checklist was followed as guidance to write the manuscript. RESULTS: Despite reporting anxiety and depression, few nurses reported having time off work with stress, most were maintaining training and felt prepared for COVID challenges in their current role. Nurses reported concerns over safety and patient feedback was both positive and negative. A quarter of respondents reported wanting to leave nursing. Nurses experiencing greater physical fatigue reported higher levels of anxiety and depression. CONCLUSIONS: Nurses working in respiratory clinical areas were closely involved in caring for COVID‐19 patients. Nurses continued to experience similar levels of anxiety and depression to those found in the first wave and reported symptoms of fatigue (physical and mental). A significant proportion of respondents reported considering leaving nursing. Retention of nurses is vital to ensure the safe functioning of already overstretched health services. Nurses would benefit from regular mental health check‐ups to ensure they are fit to practice and receive the support they need to work effectively. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: A high proportion of nurses working in respiratory clinical areas have been identified as experiencing fatigue in addition to continued levels of anxiety, depression over winter 2020. Interventions need to be implemented to help provide mental health support and improve workplace conditions to minimise PTSD and burnout

High Accuracy 3D Processing of Satellite Imagery

Automatic DSM/DTM generation reproduces not only general features, but also detailed features of the terrain relief. Height accuracy of around 1 pixel in cooperative terrain. RMSE values of 1.3-1.5 m (1.0-2.0 pixels) for IKONOS and RMSE values of 2.9-4.6 m (0.5-1.0 pixels) for SPOT5 HRS. For 3D city modeling, the manual and semi-automatic feature extraction capability of SAT-PP provides a good basis. The tools of SAT-PP allowed the stereo-measurements of points on the roofs in order to generate a 3D city model with CCM The results show that building models with main roof structures can be successfully extracted by HRSI. As expected, with Quickbird more details are visible

CONSIDERATIONS ON THE USE OF SENTINEL-1 DATA IN FLOOD MAPPING IN URBAN AREAS: ANKARA (TURKEY) 2018 FLOODS

Flood events frequently occur due to -most probably- climate change on our planet in the recent years. Rapid urbanization also causes imperfections in city planning, such as insufficient considerations of the environmental factors and the lack of proper infrastructure development. Mapping of inundation level following a flood event is thus important in evaluation of flood models and flood hazard and risk analyzes. This task can be harder in urban areas, where the effect of the disaster can be more severe and even cause loss of lives.With the increased temporal and spatial availability of SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) data, several flood detection applications appear in the literature although their use in urban areas so far relatively limited. In this study, one flood event occurred in Ankara, Turkey, in May 2018 has been mapped using Sentinel-1 SAR data. The preprocessing of Sentinel-1 data and the mapping procedure have been described in detail and the results have been evaluated and discussed accordingly. The results of this study show that SAR sensors provide fast and accurate data during the flooding using appropriate methods, and due to the nature of the flood events, i.e. heavy cloud coverage, it is currently irreplaceable by optical remote sensing techniques.</p

Genotoxic mixtures and dissimilar action: Concepts for prediction and assessment

This article has been made available through the Brunel Open Access Publishing Fund. This article is distributed under the terms of the creative commons Attribution license which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s)and the source are credited.Combinations of genotoxic agents have frequently been assessed without clear assumptions regarding their expected (additive) mixture effects, often leading to claims of synergisms that might in fact be compatible with additivity. We have shown earlier that the combined effects of chemicals, which induce micronuclei (MN) in the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay in Chinese hamster ovary-K1 cells by a similar mechanism, were additive according to the concept of concentration addition (CA). Here, we extended these studies and investigated for the first time whether valid additivity expectations can be formulated for MN-inducing chemicals that operate through a variety of mechanisms, including aneugens and clastogens (DNA cross-linkers, topoisomerase II inhibitors, minor groove binders). We expected that their effects should follow the additivity principles of independent action (IA). With two mixtures, one composed of various aneugens (colchicine, flubendazole, vinblastine sulphate, griseofulvin, paclitaxel), and another composed of aneugens and clastogens (flubendazole, doxorubicin, etoposide, melphalan and mitomycin C), we observed mixture effects that fell between the additivity predictions derived from CA and IA. We achieved better agreement between observation and prediction by grouping the chemicals into common assessment groups and using hybrid CA/IA prediction models. The combined effects of four dissimilarly acting compounds (flubendazole, paclitaxel, doxorubicin and melphalan) also fell within CA and IA. Two binary mixtures (flubendazole/paclitaxel and flubendazole/doxorubicin) showed effects in reasonable agreement with IA additivity. Our studies provide a systematic basis for the investigation of mixtures that affect endpoints of relevance to genotoxicity and show that their effects are largely additive.UK Food Standards Agenc

A stochastic model for a macroscale hybrid renewable energy system

The current supply for electricity generation mostly relies on fossil fuels, which are finite and pose a great threat to the environment. Therefore, energy models that involve clean and renewable energy sources are necessary to ease the concerns about the electricity generation needed to meet the projected demand. Here, we mathematically model a hybrid energy generation and allocation system where the intermittent solar generation is supported by conventional hydropower stations and diesel generation and time variability of the sources are balanced using the water stored in the reservoirs. We develop a two-stage stochastic model to capture the effect of streamflows which present significant inter-annual variability and uncertainty. Using sample case studies from India, we determine the required hydropower generation capacity and storage along with the minimal diesel usage to support 1 GWpeak solar power generation. We compare isolated systems with the connected systems (through inter-regional transmission) to see the effects of geographic diversity on the infrastructure sizing and quantify the benefits of resource-sharing. We develop the optimal sizing relationship between solar and hydropower generation capacities given realistic cost parameters and real data and examine how this relationship would differ as the contribution of diesel is reduced. We also show that if the output of the solar power stations can be controlled (i.e. spill is allowed in our setting), operating them below their maximum energy generation levels may reduce the unit cost of the system. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd