Leniency programmes and private enforcement of cartel law

Programy shovívavosti a soukromoprávní vymáhání kartelového práva Z dostupných dat lze vysledovat nezpochybnitelnou korelaci mezi snižující se atraktivitou programu shovívavosti Evropské komise a recentním zintenzivněním soukromoprávního vymáhání kartelového práva. Zdá se, že v posledních letech dochází k demotivaci podniků podávat žádosti o shovívavost a tím i k redukci úspěšnosti v odhalování kartelů, což v konečném důsledku oslabuje soukromoprávní i veřejnoprávní větev vymáhání kartelového práva. Práce se zaměřuje na průzkum oblastí, jež doposud v legislativě a soudní praxi nebyly vyjasněny a ve vztahu k následným soudním řízením o žalobách o náhradu škody vedeným před vnitrostátními soudy jsou pro potenciální žadatele o shovívavost spojeny s významnými riziky: (i) určování příslušnosti národních soudů v řízeních o žalobách o náhradu škody způsobené protisoutěžním jednáním, (ii) ochranu důvěrných informací v rámci hybridních narovnání s Evropskou komisí a v řízeních před národními soudy, (iii) výklad a aplikaci domněnek o existenci a výši škody způsobené protisoutěžním jednáním a (iv) stanovování výše škody způsobené protisoutěžním jednáním odhadem soudu. Z analýzy vyplývá, že se podniky čelící "follow-on" žalobám aktuálně musí vyrovnávat se značnou právní nejistotou prakticky v každé fázi...Leniency programmes and private enforcement of cartel law The available data suggests that there is an indisputable correlation between the declining attractivity of the leniency programme of the European Commission on the one hand, and the recent boom of private enforcement of cartel law on the other. It seems that in the past few years companies have become demotivated to submit leniency applications, which leads to a lower level of cartel detection and ultimately results in the weakening of both the public and private pillars of cartel law enforcement. This thesis focuses on areas that have not yet been sufficiently clarified by legislation and case-law and that are - when it comes to follow-on proceedings dealing with damages claims, held before national courts - associated with substantial risks for potential leniency applicants: (i) establishing of jurisdiction of national courts in the proceedings on claims for damages caused by anticompetitive conduct, (ii) protection of confidential information within the framework of hybrid settlements with the European Commission and in the proceedings before national courts, (iii) interpretation and application of presumptions of the existence and amount of harm caused by anticompetitive conduct and (iv) determination of the amount of harm caused by...Department of European LawKatedra evropského právaFaculty of LawPrávnická fakult

Florentine Academy and the formation of the modern concept of human freedom

Katedra politologieDepartment of Political ScienceFakulta sociálních vědFaculty of Social Science

Leniency programmes and private enforcement of corporate group law in the EU

The relationship between private and public enforcement of cartel law has been heavily discussed in the recent years, both in legal doctrine and political circles. The European Commission has come up with various initiatives in order to promote and support changes in the legal orders of the EU Member States, which would make the private enforcement of cartel law easier and more accessible, especially for consumers, but for other subjects impaired by the violation of competition rules as well. However, this effort needs to be balanced with the existing system of public enforcement, notably with the established and well-funcioning leniency programmes. A strenghtened "private pillar" must not cause any damage to the exisitng "public pillar". Can private enforcement be an efficient complement to the hitherto system (predominantly public), and if so, where are the limits of it? On one hand, the support of private enforcement could discourage cartelists to participate in the leniency programmes, because the possible economic benefits (exemption from fines) might not outweigh the losses (huge amounts paid on damages in connection with follow-on actions). On the other hand, it has been argued that private enforcement is deeply underdeveloped in the European Union and no ideas of the European Commission drawing..

Leniency programmes and private enforcement of cartel law

Leniency programmes and private enforcement of cartel law The available data suggests that there is an indisputable correlation between the declining attractivity of the leniency programme of the European Commission on the one hand, and the recent boom of private enforcement of cartel law on the other. It seems that in the past few years companies have become demotivated to submit leniency applications, which leads to a lower level of cartel detection and ultimately results in the weakening of both the public and private pillars of cartel law enforcement. This thesis focuses on areas that have not yet been sufficiently clarified by legislation and case-law and that are - when it comes to follow-on proceedings dealing with damages claims, held before national courts - associated with substantial risks for potential leniency applicants: (i) establishing of jurisdiction of national courts in the proceedings on claims for damages caused by anticompetitive conduct, (ii) protection of confidential information within the framework of hybrid settlements with the European Commission and in the proceedings before national courts, (iii) interpretation and application of presumptions of the existence and amount of harm caused by anticompetitive conduct and (iv) determination of the amount of harm caused by..

Advanced oxidation processes for elimination of xylene from waste gases

The elimination of xylene was experimentally studied using advanced oxidation process in a two-step pilot plant photochemical unit with the use of UV irradiation combined with ozone (first step) and with hydrogen peroxide solution (second step). The influence of the initial xylene concentration and air flow rate was investigated. A mathematical model of the first step of the unit applying UV/O3 treatment was developed. Xylene conversion decreased with increasing its initial concentration and increasing flow rate of the air (lowering residence time in the unit). The highest xylene conversion (95 %) was achieved with the initial concentration 50 ppmv and the flow rate 57 m3· h−1. Based on the model results for the first photolytic step of the pilot plant unit, the main pathway of the elimination of xylene is its reaction with hydroxyl radicals which are formed both by the reaction of ozone with water/humidity but also by the reaction of singlet oxygen (formed by the decomposition of ozone) with water/humidity. Calculated figures-of-merit showed that the pilot plant unit is more energy-cost-efficient for the higher flow rates of the waste gas. The technology using advanced oxidation processes seems promising for the elimination of organic compounds from the air, although further studies are necessary.Fil: Prostejovský, Tomás. Institute Of Environmental Technology; República ChecaFil: Reli, Martin. Institute Of Environmental Technology; República ChecaFil: Zebrák, Radim. Dekonta Inc; República ChecaFil: Konecná, Tereza. Dekonta Inc; República ChecaFil: Salvadores, Federico. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química; ArgentinaFil: Ballari, Maria de Los Milagros. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química; ArgentinaFil: Kocí, Kamila. Institute Of Environmental Technology; República Chec