On the way. Men's and women's managerial careers in Norway

This article analyzes how men’s and women’s careers are influenced by path dependence, different career determinants, and generation gaps. The analysis is based on panel data from AFF’s leadership surveys, and follows a representative sample of Norwegian managers in the middle phase of their careers between 1999 and 2011. The data shows that male managers start their careers in higher managerial positions and invest longer hours in their jobs than their female colleagues. Women who are careerists do succeed, however, in reducing some of men’s advantage later on. Higher education and jobs in private Sector firms are significant determinants of women’s chances for reaching a top management position. For male managers it is seemingly more important to start their careers at high levels, and to invest in future promotion opportunities by working long hours. Young female managers at the outset of their careers in 2011 started in higher positions than those at the same age twelve years earlier. The article demonstrates how panel analysis and cohort analysis may bring new insights into men’s and women’s career trajectories, and concludes by suggesting how such approaches may be further developed in future research.I denne artikkelen undersøkes hvordan mannlige og kvinnelige lederes karrierer preges av stiavhengighet, ulike karrieredrivere og generasjonsforskjeller. Analysen er dels basert på paneldata fra AFFs lederundersøkelser, og følger et representativt utvalg av norske ledere i midtfasen av deres karrierer mellom 1999 og 2011. Funnene viser at menn starter på et høyere stillingsnivå og investerer mer tid i lederjobben, men at kvinner som blir stående i lederkarrieren, siden kan lykkes med å ta igjen noe av menns forsprang. Høy utdanning og jobb i privat sektor er viktige karrieredrivere for kvinner, mens det for menn tilsynelatende handler om å komme godt ut i starten og være villig til å jobbe lange dager. Kvinnelige ledere som befant seg tidlig i karrieren i 2011, hadde et mer gunstig utgangspunkt for videre karriere enn de som startet ut tolv år tidligere. Artikkelen viser hvordan panel- og kohortanalyse kan utvide forståelsen av menns og kvinners karriereløp, og peker avslutningsvis på hvordan slike tilnærminger kan utvikles videre.publishedVersio

Effect of reconstitution techniques on the triaxial stress-strength behaviour of a very dense sand

publishedVersio

Trust-based service innovation of municipal home care. A longitudinal mixed methods study

Background: In Scandinavia, various public reforms are initiated to enhance trust in the healthcare services and the public sector in general. This study explores experiences from a two-step service innovation project in municipal home care in Norway, coined as the Trust Model (TM), aiming at developing an alternative to the purchaser-provider split (PPS) and enhancing employee motivation, user satisfaction, and citizen trust. The PPS has been the prevalent model in Norway since the 1990s. There is little empirical research on trust-based alternatives to the PPS in health- care. The overall objectives of this study were to explore facilitators and barriers to trust-based service innovation of municipal homecare and to develop a framework for how to support the implementation of the TM. Methods: The TM elements were developed through a comprehensive participatory process, resulting in the deci- sion to organize the home care service in small, self-managed and multidisciplinary teams, and trusting the teams with full responsibility for care decisions and delivery within a limited area. Through a longitudinal mixed methods case study design a) patients’ expressed values and b) factors facilitating or preventing the service innovation process were explored through two iterations. The first included three city districts, three teams and 80 patients. The second included four districts, eight teams and 160 patients. Results: The patient survey showed patients valued and trusted the service. The team member survey showed increased motivation for work aligned with TM principles. Both quantitative and qualitative methods revealed a series of facilitators and barriers to the innovation process on different organizational levels (teams, team leaders, system). The key message arising from the two iterations is to keep patients’ values in the centre and recognize the multilevelled organizational complexity of successful trust-based innovation in homecare. Synthesizing the results, a framework for how to support trust-based service innovation was constructed. Conclusions: Trust-based innovation of municipal homecare is feasible. The proposed framework may serve as a tool when planning trust-based innovation, and as a checklist for implementation and improvement strategies. Further research is needed to explore the validity of the framework and its replicability in other areas of healthcare

The Nordic Corporate Governance Model

The Nordic Region is remarkable in many ways and has been the subject of increasing interest over the past years. The five countries of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden are culturally closely aligned and combine a well-functioning business sector and high GDP with an expansive welfare state and high taxes. What has been well less known outside the Nordic Region is the shared corporate governance model used by companies and for the first time a comprehensive study is available in English to explain this model. The main part of the study is the condensed presentation of the Nordic CG model. It is based on four country reports covering the three EU Member States (DK, F, S) and one EEA Member State (N). Each country report has been drawn up by a team consisting of a legal expert and a corporate governance expert with practical experience. To ensure that the report reflects actual practices, each team was assisted by a reference group consisting of business practitioners with extensive experience from large-cap listed companies and connections to the national CG code committees. To provide an international aspect, the renowned American scholar Ronald J Gilson contributed a comment on the report’s findings in a separate chapter. The key observation of the study is that the Nordic CG model allows the shareholder majority to effectively control and take long-term responsibility for the company that they own. The alleged risk of such a system – the potential that a shareholder majority misuses its power for its own benefit at the expense of minority shareholders – is effectively curbed through a well-developed system of minority protection. The result is a governance model that encourages strong shareholders to engage in the governance of the company in their own interest, while creating value for the company and all its shareholders

Tillitsmodellen – hovedpilotering i Oslo kommune 2017-18

Bakgrunn, prosess og antagelser For å møte fremtidens utfordringer når det gjelder hjemmebaserte helsetjenester på en god måte er det behov for innovasjon og fornyelse. Formålet med prosjekt Tillitsmodellen har vært å utvikle et tillitsbasert alternativ til bestiller/utfører-modellen som • tar utgangspunkt i hva en enkelte tjenestemottager opplever som viktig, • gir økt ansvar og myndighet til fagpersonene, og • forenkler og forbedrer kontroll- og rapporteringsrutiner. Tillitsmodellen for de hjemmebaserte tjenestene i form av selvstyrende tverrfaglige team ble utviklet gjennom en omfattende nedenfra-og-opp-prosess i fire bydeler, med medvirkning fra representanter for brukere, fagorganisasjoner og medarbeidere i bydelene. Resultatet ble et nytt tjenestedesign og en ny forvaltningsmodell med saksbehandling i lokale team, med helhetlig ansvar for et avgrenset geografisk område. Man ønsket å oppnå følgende resultater med den nye forvaltningsmodellen: • økt trygghet, tilfredshet og selvbestemmelse for brukerne •økt motivasjon og arbeidsglede for fagpersonalet • økt fleksibilitet, effektivitet og kvalitet i tjenestene. Denne nye forvaltningsmodellen, «Tillitsmodellen», ble forpilotert i tre bydeler høsten 2017 og deretter videreutviklet og hovedpilotert i fire bydeler 2017-18

Accurate dust temperature determination in a z = 7.13 galaxy

We report ALMA Band 9 continuum observations of the normal, dusty star-forming galaxy A1689-zD1 at z = 7.13, resulting in a ∼4.6 σ detection at 702 GHz. For the first time, these observations probe the far-infrared spectrum shortward of the emission peak of a galaxy in the Epoch of Reionization (EoR). Together with ancillary data from earlier works, we derive the dust temperature, Td, and mass, Md, of A1689-zD1 using both traditional modified blackbody spectral energy density fitting, and a new method that relies only on the [C ii] 158 μm line and underlying continuum data. The two methods give Td = (42+13-7, 40+13-) K, and Md} = (1.7+1.3-0.7, 2.0+1.8-1.0), 7, 107, M⊙. Band 9 observations improve the accuracy of the dust temperature (mass) estimate by ∼50 per cent (6 times). The derived temperatures confirm the reported increasing Td-redshift trend between z = 0 and 8; the dust mass is consistent with a supernova origin. Although A1689-zD1 is a normal UV-selected galaxy, our results, implying that ∼85 per cent of its star-formation rate is obscured, underline the non-negligible effects of dust in EoR galaxies