394 research outputs found
âI don't think I can catch itâ: women, confidence and responsibility in football coach education
Whilst womenâs participation in sport continues to increase, their presence remains ideologically challenging given the significance of sport for the construction of gendered identities. As a hegmonically masculine institution, leadership roles across sport remain male-dominated and the entry of women into positions of authority (such as coaching) routinely contested. But in powerful male-typed sports, like football, womenâs participation remains particularly challenging. Consequently, constructions of gender inequity in coaching were explored at a regional division of the English Football Association through unstructured interviews and coaching course observation. Using critical discourse
analysis we identified the consistent re/production of women as unconfident in their own skills and abilities, and the framing of women themselves as responsible for the gendered inequities in football coaching. Women were thereby
strategically positioned as deservedly on the periphery of the football category,whilst the organization was positioned as progressive and liberal
Returning genome sequences to research participants:Policy and practice
Despite advances in genomic science stimulating an explosion of literature around returning health-related findings, the possibility of returning entire genome sequences to individual research participants has not been widely considered. Through direct involvement in large-scale translational genomics studies, we have identified a number of logistical challenges that would need to be overcome prior to returning individual genome sequence data, including verifying that the data belong to the requestor and providing appropriate informatics support. In addition, we identify a number of ethico-legal issues that require careful consideration, including returning data to family members, mitigating against unintended consequences, and ensuring appropriate governance. Finally, recognising that there is an opportunity cost to addressing these issues, we make some specific pragmatic suggestions for studies that are considering whether to share individual genomic datasets with individual study participants. If data are shared, research should be undertaken into the personal, familial and societal impact of receiving individual genome sequence data
A strong CO<sub>2</sub> sink enhanced by eutrophication in a tropical coastal embayment (Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)
In contrast to its small surface area,
the coastal zone plays a disproportionate role in the global carbon cycle.
Carbon production, transformation, emission and burial rates at the
landâocean interface are significant at the global scale but still poorly
known, especially in tropical regions. Surface water pCO2 and
ancillary parameters were monitored during nine field campaigns between
April 2013 and April 2014 in Guanabara Bay, a tropical eutrophic to
hypertrophic semi-enclosed estuarine embayment surrounded by the city of Rio
de Janeiro, southeast Brazil. Water pCO2 varied between 22 and 3715 ppmv in
the bay, showing spatial, diurnal and seasonal trends that mirrored those of
dissolved oxygen (DO) and chlorophyll a (Chl a). Marked pCO2
undersaturation was prevalent in the shallow, confined and thermally
stratified waters of the upper bay, whereas pCO2 oversaturation was
restricted to sites close to the small river mouths and small sewage
channels, which covered only 10 % of the bay's area. Substantial daily
variations in pCO2 (up to 395 ppmv between dawn and dusk) were also
registered and could be integrated temporally and spatially for the
establishment of net diurnal, seasonal and annual CO2 fluxes. In
contrast to other estuaries worldwide, Guanabara Bay behaved as a net sink of
atmospheric CO2, a property enhanced by the concomitant effects of
strong radiation intensity, thermal stratification, and high availability of
nutrients, which promotes phytoplankton development and net autotrophy. The
calculated CO2 fluxes for Guanabara Bay ranged between â9.6 and
â18.3 mol C mâ2 yrâ1, of the same order of magnitude as the
organic carbon burial and organic carbon inputs from the watershed. The
positive and high net community production (52.1 mol C mâ2 yrâ1)
confirms the high carbon production in the bay. This autotrophic metabolism is apparently
enhanced by eutrophication. Our results show that global CO2
budgetary assertions still lack information on tropical, marine-dominated
estuarine systems, which are affected by thermal stratification and
eutrophication and behave specifically with respect to atmospheric CO2
DataSHIELD: resolving a conflict in contemporary bioscienceâperforming a pooled analysis of individual-level data without sharing the data
Background Contemporary bioscience sometimes demands vast sample sizes and there is often then no choice but to synthesize data across several studies and to undertake an appropriate pooled analysis. This same need is also faced in health-services and socio-economic research. When a pooled analysis is required, analytic efficiency and flexibility are often best served by combining the individual-level data from all sources and analysing them as a single large data set. But ethico-legal constraints, including the wording of consent forms and privacy legislation, often prohibit or discourage the sharing of individual-level data, particularly across national or other jurisdictional boundaries. This leads to a fundamental conflict in competing public goods: individual-level analysis is desirable from a scientific perspective, but is prevented by ethico-legal considerations that are entirely valid
Women training to coach a male sport : managing gendered identities and masculinist discourses
Despite increasing female participation in English football (aka soccer), the sport remains rooted in the values and discursive practices of orthodox masculinity. This is
exemplified by the English Football Association (FA), which has been criticized for its ineffective responses to addressing the inclusion and progression of women as
players and workers within the organization. Female membership in male-dominated organizations is not readily achieved, given the dominance of masculinist discourses
and the risks of overtly challenging these. In this study, we explored the discursive management of gendered and/or footballing identities from interviews with participants
in an English regional FAâs women-only football coach education program. All of the participants described the peripheral positioning of women in English football. Analysis identified evidence of both collaboration with and resistance to the dominant masculinist discourses in the accounts of their experiences in football, while also reproducing the most valued footballing identities and knowledge as male. We connect this to the complexities of negotiating and managing gendered identities
for women in male-dominated organizations. All of the participants described the value and benefits of women-only coach education and the majority noted they would prefer women-only coach education in future
Medical data donation, consent and the public interest after death:A gateway to posthumous data use
Diversity of human copy number variation and multicopy genes
Copy number variants affect both disease and normal phenotypic variation, but those lying within heavily duplicated, highly identical sequence have been difficult to assay. By analyzing short-read mapping depth for 159 human genomes, we demonstrated accurate estimation of absolute copy number for duplications as small as 1.9 kilobase pairs, ranging from 0 to 48 copies. We identified 4.1 million singly unique nucleotide positions informative in distinguishing specific copies and used them to genotype the copy and content of specific paralogs within highly duplicated gene families. These data identify human-specific expansions in genes associated with brain development, reveal extensive population genetic diversity, and detect signatures consistent with gene conversion in the human species. Our approach makes âŒ1000 genes accessible to genetic studies of disease association
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