The Relationship of Selected Factors to the Personal Adjustment of Residents of Homes for Aged in Eastern South Dakota

To say that the problems of aging are universal, touching all of all culture at one time or another, appears to be something of a truism. Yet, short of birth and death, scarcely any part of the pattern of living affects all mankind to so great degree. With added years come decrease in physical vigor, declining health, and increased imminence of death- all conditions to which the aging must adjust. In American society these problems are particularly acute, largely because of the predominantly urban and industrial character of our culture. In South Dakota, particularly, growing numbers of elder citizens give cause for increasing concern with their problems. While the total populations of South Dakota declined by 5.8 percent between 1930 and 1950, during the same period the number of persons 65 years old and older increased by 49.8 percent. This study follows a similar study made at South Dakota State College by Denton E. Morrison in which an attempt was made to assess the personal adjustment of older citizens living in private residences in the rural-nonfarm community of Dell Rapids, South Dakota. The present study proceeds on four basic assumptions, three of which follow Morrison. First, it is assumed that communities are not homogeneous biologically, culturally, or in their social organization. Second assumption shared with the previous study is that personal adjustment can be both measured and quantified. A third assumption of both studies is that different respondents mean essentially the same things by similar responses. The final departs from the Morrison study in the definition of age, the criterion of 65 years and over being used by Morrison

A Study of Selected Factors Associated with Members Attitudes Toward Their Churches in the Aberdeen Area of South Dakota

The church has been and still is one of the most important social institutions of our society. Although church membership is growing throughout the nation as a whole, there are areas where the rate of growth is decreasing or where there is a decline in membership. These areas are predominantly rural and are characterized by a decrease in rural population, a high rate of out-migration, and an increase in the size of farms, South Dakota is one of these areas. While the membership of the churches of South Dakota is increasing, this increase is taking place largely in the urban areas. The rural church has had to face the problems of loss of trained leadership and productive population with little or no help from outside sources. With these problems in mind, concerned clergymen and laymen of Aberdeen, South Dakota, and the surrounding area formed, during the winter of 196.5-1966, an inter-denominational organization which became known as the Aberdeen Area Ministry. This organization gained the financial support of the national boards of missions of the participating .denominations and engaged the services of a resident director. In April 1966, the Planning Committee of the Aberdeen Area Ministry (AAM) met in Aberdeen. At this meeting Professor Howard M. Sauor and Dr. Robert M. Demit of the Rural Sociology Department, South Dakota State University, suggested that a study of member’s attitudes toward their church might assist the AAM in its task of helping the rural churches help themselves. The present study was developed as a result of this suggestion and seeks to identify soma of the attitudes church members of the Aberdeen area hold concerning their churches as they now exist and as they may develop in the future

Representing smooth 4-manifolds as loops in the pants complex

We show that every smooth, orientable, closed, connected 4-manifold can berepresented by a loop in the pants complex. We use this representation,together with the fact that the pants complex is simply connected, to providean elementary proof that such 4-manifolds are smoothly cobordant to $\coprod_m\mathbb{C}P^2 \coprod_n \bar{\mathbb{C}P}^2$. We also use this association togive information about the structure of the pants complex. Namely, given a loopin the pants complex, $L$, which bounds a disk, $D$, we show that the signatureof the 4-manifold associated to $L$ gives a lower bound on the number oftriangles in $D$.<br

Adjustment of the Elderly in Retirement Homes in Eastern South Dakota

In South Dakota, particularly, growing numbers of older citizens give cause for increasing concern with their problems. While the total population of South Dakota declined by 5.8% between 1930 and 1950, during the same period the number of persons 65 years old and older increased by 49.8%.3 By 1958, 10.1% of the state\u27s total population was 65 years old and older, compared with the national figure of 8.8%. A consideration of the preceding discussion makes understandable the increasing interest in life in the later years. This increased interest has stimulated research, concerned not only with problems like medical care, housing, and finances, but concerned also with more subtle problems involving the maintenance of the older person as an integrated, well-functioning personality

A new Meckel’s cartilage from the Devonian Hangenberg black shale in Morocco and its position in chondrichthyan jaw morphospace

Fossil chondrichthyan remains are mostly known from their teeth, scales or fin spines only, whereas their cartilaginous endoskeletons require exceptional preservational conditions to become fossilized. While most cartilaginous remains of Famennian (Late Devonian) chondrichthyans were found in older layers of the eastern Anti-Atlas, such fossils were unknown from the Hangenberg black shale (HBS) and only a few chondrichthyan teeth had been found therein previously. Here, we describe a Meckel’s cartilage from the Hangenberg black shale in Morocco, which is the first fossil cartilage from these strata. Since no teeth or other skeletal elements have been found in articulation, we used elliptical Fourier (EFA), principal component (PCA), and hierarchical cluster (HCA) analyses to morphologically compare it with 41 chondrichthyan taxa of different size and age and to evaluate its possible systematic affiliation. PCA and HCA position the new specimen closest to some acanthodian and elasmobranch jaws. Accordingly, a holocephalan origin was excluded. The jaw shape as well as the presence of a polygonal pattern, typical for tessellated calcified cartilage, suggest a ctenacanth origin and we assigned the new HBS Meckel’s cartilage to the order Ctenacanthiformes with reservations

A new Meckel's cartilage from the Devonian Hangenberg black shale in Morocco and its position in chondrichthyan jaw morphospace

Fossil chondrichthyan remains are mostly known from their teeth, scales or fin spines only, whereas their cartilaginous endoskeletons require exceptional preservational conditions to become fossilized. While most cartilaginous remains of Famennian (Late Devonian) chondrichthyans were found in older layers of the eastern Anti-Atlas, such fossils were unknown from the Hangenberg black shale (HBS) and only a few chondrichthyan teeth had been found therein previously. Here, we describe a Meckel's cartilage from the Hangenberg black shale in Morocco, which is the first fossil cartilage from these strata. Since no teeth or other skeletal elements have been found in articulation, we used elliptical Fourier (EFA), principal component (PCA), and hierarchical cluster (HCA) analyses to morphologically compare it with 41 chondrichthyan taxa of different size and age and to evaluate its possible systematic affiliation. PCA and HCA position the new specimen closest to some acanthodian and elasmobranch jaws. Accordingly, a holocephalan origin was excluded. The jaw shape as well as the presence of a polygonal pattern, typical for tessellated calcified cartilage, suggest a ctenacanth origin and we assigned the new HBS Meckel's cartilage to the order Ctenacanthiformes with reservations

An Exploration of Colorectal Cancer Incidence Rates in North Dakota, USA, via Structural Equation Modeling

Purpose The state of North Dakota has one of the highest incidence rates for colorectal cancer in the USA. Its high incidence rate, coupled with a large variation in incidence rates among counties within the state, makes North Dakota a “natural laboratory” in which to investigate environmental clues to colorectal cancer. We conducted a hypothesis-generating study to explore potential determinants of colorectal cancer in North Dakota. Methods We obtained county-specific incidence rates for North Dakota’s 53 counties from the statewide cancer registry and corresponding data on county demographic, agricultural, and geophysical features from population-based sources. Candidate demographic/agricultural variables included median household income, population density, colorectal cancer screening rates, average farm size (in acres), and the percent of county fertilized. Geophysical variables included the uranium content of soil, residential radon levels, and source of drinking water (municipal or well water). Statistical analyses were performed via multivariate regression and structural equation modeling. Results Colorectal cancer incidence rates across North Dakota counties varied 3-fold. The structural equation model identified a significant role for well water use (p \u3c 0.05). This finding is consistent with studies that implicate well water in colorectal cancer. Conclusions Well water contains several agents, e.g., bacteria, disinfection by-products, and nitrates that are potent colorectal carcinogens. Studies of well water use and colorectal cancer risk at the individual level in North Dakota are warranted

Sulfur reduction in sediments of marine and evaporite environments

Transformations of sulfur in sediments of ponds ranging in salinities from that of normal seawater to those of brines saturated with sodium chloride were examined. The chemistry of the sediment and pore waters were focused on with emphasis on the fate of sulfate reduction. The effects of increasing salinity on both forms of sulfur and microbial activity were determined. A unique set of chemical profiles and sulfate-reducing activity was found for the sediments of each of the sites examined. The quantity of organic matter in the salt pond sediments was significantly greater than that occurring in the adjacent intertidal site. The total quantitative and qualitative distribution of volatile fatty acids was also greater in the salt ponds. Volatile fatty acids increased with salinity

AS-206A preliminary L/V operational trajectory and guidance presettings

S-1B stage steering program and iterative guidance mode presettings for mission AS-206A and associated launch vehicle operational trajectory and performance characteristic