Ausgewählte fiskalische Effekte einer Reform des Berliner Schulsystems - ein Pilotstudie: Gutachten im Autrag der Fraktion Bündnis 90/Die Grünen im Berliner Abgeordnetenhaus

--

Bildung, externe Effekte, technologische Leistungsfähigkeit und Wirtschaftswachstum: Studien zum deutschen Innovationssystem Nr. 13-2006 im Auftr. des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung

--

Ausgewählte fiskalische Effekte einer Reform des Berliner Schulsystems - eine Pilotstudie: Gutachten im Autrag der Fraktion Bündnis 90/Die Grünen im Berliner Abgeordnetenhaus

"Die Debatte über die Effizienz und die Effitzienspotenziale des Schulsystems ist nicht neu: Spätestens mit der PISA-Studie ist der breiten Öffentlichkeit bewusste geworden, dass das Leistungsniveau deutscher Schülerinnen und Schüker allenfalls dem OECD-Durchschnitt entspricht. Falst alle wirtschaftlich führenden Länder hatten besser abgeschnitten. Auch wenn die Nachfolge-Studie PISA 2003 etwas bessere Ergebnisse brachte und sich die Ergebnisse einzelner Bundesländer erheblich verbessert haben, bleiben wesentliche Probleme bestehen. Auf der einen Seite ist in keinem anderen Land der Zusammenhang zwischen sozioökonomischem Hintergrund und den schulischen Leistungen so stark wie in Deutschland, d.h. es gelingt in der Regel nur sehr begrenzt, Kinder aus so genannten bildungsfernen Schichten und insbesondere Migrations- bzw. nicht deutschem Sprachhintergrund zu guten schulischen Leistungen zu führen. Fast ein Viertel der Jungendlich ist als Risikoschüler anzusehen, d.h. sie haben massive Mängel in schulischen Kernfächern bei den schülern mit Migrationshintergrund ist der Anteil noch deutlich höher; dies gilt insbesonderer für die Jungen. Auf der anderen Seite ist aber auch der Leistungsstand in der Breite und in der Spitze verglichen mit anderen Ländern nicht befriedigend. Dies gilt auch - und an manchen Punkten insbesondere - für das Berliner Schulsystem, auf das in der vorliegenden Studie eingegangen wird. (...)" (Textauszug

Salmonella surveillance in Styrian meat cutting plants

Bacteriological examinations for Salmonella in meat cutting plants constitute an important cornerstone in the Styrian Salmonella surveillance programme for pork production. A total of 1920 bulk wipe samples were tested in 1999. Salmonella was detected in 7 samples taken prior to retail cutting (n = 720), in one sample taken after retail cutting (n = 720) and in one of the swab samples collected from cutting surfaces (n = 480). The extrapolation from the random sample to the population of pork produced and cut in Styria showed the estimated average proportion p , of Salmonella contaminated pork to be 0.15 % S = 95 %; CI 0.12 % SpS 0.18 %. Based on these results sampling was restricted to wholesale cuts and carcass halves from 8 slaughterhouses and meat cutting plants in 2000. Testing a total of 1290 bulk wipe samples Salmonella were detected in three cases (p= 0.14%, S = 95 %; CI 0.17% SpS 0.25 %). This favourable situation, which was corroborated by serological examinations of finishing pig herds, does not indicate an urgent call for action in Styrian breeding and finishing establishments

Bildung, externe Effekte, technologische Leistungsfähigkeit und Wirtschaftswachstum

Der vorliegende Bericht entwickelt einen theoretischen Hintergrund und Indikatoren zur Beurteilung von externen Effekten von Bildung, die sich auf die technologische Leistungsfähigkeit auswirken. Die Frage ist, inwieweit Investitionen in Bildung über solche Transmissionsmechanismen die technologische Leistungsfähigkeit einer Volkswirtschaft beeinflussen können. Die technologische Leistungsfähigkeit wiederum hat Einfluss auf das Wirtschaftswachstum. Die Relevanz des Wirtschaftswachstums für den Wohlstand einer Gesellschaft lässt sich leicht nachvollziehen. Bei einem Wirtschaftswachstum von 1% würde sich das Bruttoinlandsprodukt des Jahres 2004 von 2.216 Milliarden Euro in den nächsten 50 Jahren auf 3.644 Milliarden Euro erhöhen, was einem Zuwachs von 1.428 Milliarden Euro oder 64,5 Prozent entspricht. Bei einem Wachstum von zwei Prozent pro Jahr erreicht das BIP im Jahr 2054 einen Wert von 5.937 Milliarden Euro - was einem Zuwachs von 3.748 Milliarden Euro oder 169,2 Prozent entspricht. Auch vergleichsweise geringe Unterschiede in den Steigerungsraten - etwa über die Bereitstellung von Humankapital - können somit mittel- bis langfristig erhebliche Auswirkungen haben. Der Bericht ist wie folgt gegliedert: Zunächst werden theoretische Überlegungen angestellt und die Bedeutung von Humankapital wird eingeordnet, anschließend werden vorliegende empirische Ergebnisse analysiert und eigene empirische Berechnungen durchgeführt. Schließlich werden Schlussfolgerungen gezogen und Handlungsempfehlungen gegeben. (ICD2

Monitoring of Farm-Level Antimicrobial Use to Guide Stewardship: Overview of Existing Systems and Analysis of Key Components and Processes

The acknowledgment of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as a major health challenge in humans, animals and plants, has led to increased efforts to reduce antimicrobial use (AMU). To better understand factors influencing AMR and implement and evaluate stewardship measures for reducing AMU, it is important to have sufficiently detailed information on the quantity of AMU, preferably at the level of the user (farmer, veterinarian) and/or prescriber or provider (veterinarian, feed mill). Recently, several countries have established or are developing systems for monitoring AMU in animals. The aim of this publication is to provide an overview of known systems for monitoring AMU at farm-level, with a descriptive analysis of their key components and processes. As of March 2020, 38 active farm-level AMU monitoring systems from 16 countries were identified. These systems differ in many ways, including which data are collected, the type of analyses conducted and their respective output. At the same time, they share key components (data collection, analysis, benchmarking, and reporting), resulting in similar challenges to be faced with similar decisions to be made. Suggestions are provided with respect to the different components and important aspects of various data types and methods are discussed. This overview should provide support for establishing or working with such a system and could lead to a better implementation of stewardship actions and a more uniform communication about and understanding of AMU data at farm-level. Harmonization of methods and processes could lead to an improved comparability of outcomes and less confusion when interpreting results across systems. However, it is important to note that the development of systems also depends on specific local needs, resources and aims

Role of Src and Cortactin in Pemphigus Skin Blistering

Autoantibodies against desmoglein (Dsg) 1 and Dsg3 primarily cause blister formation in the autoimmune disease pemphigus vulgaris (PV). Src was proposed to contribute to loss of keratinocyte cohesion. However, the role and underlying mechanisms are unclear and were studied here. In keratinocytes, cell cohesion in response to autoantibodies was reduced in Src-dependent manner by two patient-derived PV-IgG fractions as well as by AK23 but not by a third PV-IgG fraction, although Src was activated by all autoantibodies. Loss of cell cohesion was progredient in a timeframe of 24 h and AK23, similar to PV-IgG, interfered with reconstitution of cell cohesion after Ca2+-switch, indicating that the autoantibodies also interfered with desmosome assembly. Dsg3 co-localized along cell contacts and interacted with the Src substrate cortactin. In keratinocytes isolated from cortactin-deficient mice, cell adhesion was impaired and Src-mediated inhibition of AK23-induced loss of cell cohesion for 24 h was significantly reduced compared to wild-type (wt) cells. Similarly, AK23 impaired reconstitution of cell adhesion was Src-dependent only in the presence of cortactin. Likewise, Src inhibition significantly reduced AK23-induced skin blistering in wt but not cortactin-deficient mice. These data suggest that the Src-mediated long-term effects of AK23 on loss of cell cohesion and skin blistering are dependent on cortactin-mediated desmosome assembly. However, in human epidermis PV-IgG-induced skin blistering and ultrastructural alterations of desmosomes were not affected by Src inhibition, indicating that Src may not be critical for skin blistering in intact human skin, at least when high levels of autoantibodies targeting Dsg1 are present

Characterizing Antimicrobial Resistance in Clinically Relevant Bacteria Isolated at the Human/Animal/Environment Interface Using Whole-Genome Sequencing in Austria

This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Molecular Microbiology.Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a public health issue attributed to the misuse of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine. Since AMR surveillance requires a One Health approach, we sampled nine interconnected compartments at a hydrological open-air lab (HOAL) in Austria to obtain six bacterial species included in the WHO priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB). Whole genome sequencing-based typing included core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST). Genetic and phenotypic characterization of AMR was performed for all isolates. Eighty-nine clinically-relevant bacteria were obtained from eight compartments including 49 E. coli, 27 E. faecalis, 7 K. pneumoniae and 6 E. faecium. Clusters of isolates from the same species obtained in different sample collection dates were detected. Of the isolates, 29.2% were resistant to at least one antimicrobial. E. coli and E. faecalis isolates from different compartments had acquired antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) associated with veterinary drugs such as aminoglycosides and tetracyclines, some of which were carried in conjugative and mobilizable plasmids. Three multidrug resistant (MDR) E. coli isolates were found in samples from field drainage and wastewater. Early detection of ARGs and ARB in natural and farm-related environments can identify hotspots of AMR and help prevent its emergence and dissemination along the food/feed chain.This research was partially funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program, grant agreement No 773830: One Health European Joint Program.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Role of Src and Cortactin in Pemphigus Skin Blistering

Autoantibodies against desmoglein (Dsg) 1 and Dsg3 primarily cause blister formation in the autoimmune disease pemphigus vulgaris (PV). Src was proposed to contribute to loss of keratinocyte cohesion. However, the role and underlying mechanisms are unclear and were studied here. In keratinocytes, cell cohesion in response to autoantibodies was reduced in Src-dependent manner by two patient-derived PV-IgG fractions as well as by AK23 but not by a third PV-IgG fraction, although Src was activated by all autoantibodies. Loss of cell cohesion was progredient in a timeframe of 24 h and AK23, similar to PV-IgG, interfered with reconstitution of cell cohesion after Ca2+-switch, indicating that the autoantibodies also interfered with desmosome assembly. Dsg3 co-localized along cell contacts and interacted with the Src substrate cortactin. In keratinocytes isolated from cortactin-deficient mice, cell adhesion was impaired and Src-mediated inhibition of AK23-induced loss of cell cohesion for 24 h was significantly reduced compared to wild-type (wt) cells. Similarly, AK23 impaired reconstitution of cell adhesion was Src-dependent only in the presence of cortactin. Likewise, Src inhibition significantly reduced AK23-induced skin blistering in wt but not cortactin-deficient mice. These data suggest that the Src-mediated long-term effects of AK23 on loss of cell cohesion and skin blistering are dependent on cortactin-mediated desmosome assembly. However, in human epidermis PV-IgG-induced skin blistering and ultrastructural alterations of desmosomes were not affected by Src inhibition, indicating that Src may not be critical for skin blistering in intact human skin, at least when high levels of autoantibodies targeting Dsg1 are present