Understanding Color Infrared Photography

Color infrared aerial photography has wide application in many aspects of forest management but Its potential may not be fully realized because many users do not understand the color process and consequently how to properly interpret it. This paper takes the reader through the entire photographic process, beginning with the principles of light and ending with the final positive transparency. The step-by-step sequence is supplemented with colored illustrations and color and color infrared paired photographs. Once the process is understood, the prospective photo interpreter will be able to Independently deduce the actual color of any image on color Infrared film.https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ebooks/1003/thumbnail.jp

EVIDENCE - CRIMINAL LAW AND PROCEDURE - ADMISSIBILITY OF RECORDING MADE ON DEVICE AT RECEIVING END OF TELEPHONE CONVERSATION

In a prosecution for conspiracy to violate the narcotic laws, defendant objected to the admission of a recorded telephone conversation between himself and an informer, taken down by the latter on a device attached to the receiver. Defendant contended that this was inadmissible under the rule of Nardone v. United States. Held, the evidence was not intercepted, therefore not within the purview of the Federal Communications Act and, consequently, admissible despite the Nardone decision. United States v. Yee Ping Jong, (D. C. Pa. 1939) 26 F. Supp. 69

RAILROADS - DAMAGES UNDER EMPLOYERS\u27 LIABILITY ACT - USE OF ANNUITY PAYMENTS UNDER RAILROAD RETIREMENT ACT IN MITIGATION OF DAMAGES

A recent decision raised the question of the right of a railroad defendant, against whom suit had been brought under the Federal Employers\u27 Liability Act of I908, to plead in mitigation of damages plaintiff\u27s eligibility for an annuity under section z(3) of the Railroad Retirement Act of I937. The court, holding that plaintiff was not eligible for an annuity under the provisions of the Retirement Act, found it unnecessary to pass on the issue. It is proposed in this comment to suggest and analyze the more important arguments on which the solution of the problem, left undecided by that decision, will hinge and to determine, as far as possible, the probable course of judicial action when a determination of the question shall be required

EVIDENCE - DEGREES OF SECONDARY EVIDENCE - PROBLEMS IN APPLICATION OF THE SO-CALLED AMERICAN RULE

Since 1710 the courts of the Anglo-American juridical system have been seeking a solution to the problem of the existence of degrees of secondary evidence. Those courts which have determined that there are degrees have been confronted with the second problem concerning the circumstances under which the secondary evidence rule will actually preclude the admission of the evidence offered. In the majority of decisions the courts have relied on precedent, or on statements of text writers, stripped of their context, and have failed to. seek the solution in terms of the purposes for which rules of evidence have been devised. The result of this mechanical method has been complete confusion, not only when jurisdictional results are compared, but also when one attempts to align the decisions of a single jurisdiction. An attempt will be made herein to analyze the decisions which have directly dealt with the problem, in terms both of the results reached and the reasons, if any, suggested by the courts; and then to determine, in so far as it is possible, which solution seems preferable in the light of the ends which the rules of evidence seek to serve

Comparison of total body water estimates from O-18 and bioelectrical response prediction equations

Identification of an indirect, rapid means to measure total body water (TBW) during space flight may aid in quantifying hydration status and assist in countermeasure development. Bioelectrical response testing and hydrostatic weighing were performed on 27 subjects who ingested O-18, a naturally occurring isotope of oxygen, to measure true TBW. TBW estimates from three bioelectrical response prediction equations and fat-free mass (FFM) were compared to TBW measured from O-18. A repeated measures MANOVA with post-hoc Dunnett's Test indicated a significant (p less than 0.05) difference between TBW estimates from two of the three bioelectrical response prediction equations and O-18. TBW estimates from FFM and the Kushner & Schoeller (1986) equation yielded results that were similar to those given by O-18. Strong correlations existed between each prediction method and O-18; however, standard errors, identified through regression analyses, were higher for the bioelectrical response prediction equations compared to those derived from FFM. These findings suggest (1) the Kushner & Schoeller (1986) equation may provide a valid measure of TBW, (2) other TBW prediction equations need to be identified that have variability similar to that of FFM, and (3) bioelectrical estimates of TBW may prove valuable in quantifying hydration status during space flight

Eomesodermin, a target gene of Pou4f2, is required for retinal ganglion cell and optic nerve development in the mouse.

The mechanisms regulating retinal ganglion cell (RGC) development are crucial for retinogenesis and for the establishment of normal vision. However, these mechanisms are only vaguely understood. RGCs are the first neuronal lineage to segregate from pluripotent progenitors in the developing retina. As output neurons, RGCs display developmental features very distinct from those of the other retinal cell types. To better understand RGC development, we have previously constructed a gene regulatory network featuring a hierarchical cascade of transcription factors that ultimately controls the expression of downstream effector genes. This has revealed the existence of a Pou domain transcription factor, Pou4f2, that occupies a key node in the RGC gene regulatory network and that is essential for RGC differentiation. However, little is known about the genes that connect upstream regulatory genes, such as Pou4f2 with downstream effector genes responsible for RGC differentiation. The purpose of this study was to characterize the retinal function of eomesodermin (Eomes), a T-box transcription factor with previously unsuspected roles in retinogenesis. We show that Eomes is expressed in developing RGCs and is a mediator of Pou4f2 function. Pou4f2 directly regulates Eomes expression through a cis-regulatory element within a conserved retinal enhancer. Deleting Eomes in the developing retina causes defects reminiscent of those in Pou4f2(-/-) retinas. Moreover, myelin ensheathment in the optic nerves of Eomes(-/-) embryos is severely impaired, suggesting that Eomes regulates this process. We conclude that Eomes is a crucial regulator positioned immediately downstream of Pou4f2 and is required for RGC differentiation and optic nerve development

Dynamical age of solar wind turbulence in the outer heliosphere

In an evolving turbulent medium, a natural timescale can be defined in terms of the energy decay time. The time evolution may be complicated by other effects such as energy supply due to driving, and spatial inhomogeneity. In the solar wind the turbulence appears not to be simply engaging in free decay, but rather the energy level observed at a particular position in the heliosphere is affected by expansion, “mixing,” and driving by stream shear. Here we discuss a new approach for estimating the “age” of solar wind turbulence as a function of heliocentric distance, using the local turbulent decay rate as the natural clock, but taking into account expansion and driving effects. The simplified formalism presented here is appropriate to low cross helicity (non-Alfvénic) turbulence in the outer heliosphere especially at low helio-latitudes. We employ Voyager data to illustrate our method, which improves upon the familiar estimates in terms of local eddy turnover times

STUDY OF SOLVENT AND CATALYST INTERACTIONS IN DIRECT COAL LIQUEFACTION

To provide a better understanding of the roles of a solid catalyst and the solvent in Direct Coal Liquefaction, a small reactor was equipped with a porous-walled basket which was permeable to the solvent but was not permeable to the coal or solid catalyst. With this equipment and a high volatile bituminous coal it was found that direct contact between the catalyst in the basket and the coal outside the basket is not required for catalyzed coal liquefaction. The character of the solvent in this system makes a significant difference in the conversion of the coal, the better solvents being strong donor solvents. Because of the extensive use of thermogravimetric analysis in this laboratory, it was noted that the peak temperature for volatiles evolution from coal was a reliable measure of coal rank. Because of this observation, a variety of coals of a range of ranks was investigated. It was shown in this work that measuring the peak temperature for volatiles evolution was a quite precise indicator of rank and correlated closely with the rank value obtained by measuring vitrinite reflectance, a more difficult measurement to make. This prompted the desire to know the composition of the volatile material evolved as a function of coal rank. This was then measured by coupling a TGA to a mass spectrometer using laser activation and photoionization detection TG-PI-MS. The predominant species in volatiles of low rank coal turned out to be phenols with some alkenes. As the rank increases, the relative amounts of alkene and aromatic hydrocarbons increases and the oxygenated species decrease. It was shown that these volatiles were actually pyrolytic products and not volatilization products of the coal. Solvent extraction experiments coupled with Thermogravimetric-photoionization-mass spectrometry (TG-PI-MS) indicated that the low boiling and more extractable material are essentially similar in chemical types to the non-extractable portions but apparently higher molecular weight and therefore less extractable

Target gene selectivity of the myogenic basic helix–loop–helix transcription factor myogenin in embryonic muscle

AbstractThe myogenic regulatory factors MyoD and myogenin are crucial for skeletal muscle development. Despite their importance, the mechanisms by which these factors selectively regulate different target genes are unclear. The purpose of the present investigation was to compare embryonic skeletal muscle from myogenin+/+ and myogenin−/− mice to identify genes whose expression was dependent on the presence of myogenin but not MyoD and to determine whether myogenin-binding sites could be found within regulatory regions of myogenin-dependent genes independent of MyoD. We identified a set of 140 muscle-expressed genes whose expression in embryonic tongue muscle of myogenin−/− mice was downregulated in the absence of myogenin, but in the presence of MyoD. Myogenin bound within conserved regulatory regions of several of the downregulated genes, but MyoD bound only to a subset of these same regions, suggesting that many downregulated genes were selective targets of myogenin. The regulatory regions activated gene expression in cultured myoblasts and fibroblasts overexpressing myogenin or MyoD, indicating that expression from exogenously introduced DNA could not recapitulate the selectivity for myogenin observed in vivo. The results identify new target genes for myogenin and show that myogenin's target gene selectivity is not based solely on binding site sequences