A PARTICIPAÇÃO DO ARQUITETO NO MODELO DE PROJETO INTEGRADO (IPD): A PRINCIPAL TENDÊNCIA DE MUDANÇA PARA AS EMPRESAS DE PROJETO DE ARQUITETURA?

A indústria da construção está migrando cada vez mais para o modelo de Projeto Integrado (IPD). A maioria das pesquisas sobre IPD foca os contratantes;, contudo, os arquitetos também poderiam melhorar sua posição competitiva e portfólio de projetos, assumindo um papel ativo na inovação de projetos integrados. Com base em uma pesquisa com 110 empresas de projeto de arquitetura holandesas, são descritos os casos de empresas que demonstraram interesse em práticas integradas como parte de sua estratégia competitiva. Os resultados desta pesquisa revelam os fatores críticos que são os motores de mudança no mercado atual e as estratégias organizacionais adotadas pelas empresas de projeto de arquitetura. Particularmente, a busca de um maior controle sobre os processos construtivos e a qualidade do produto tem levado as empresas a pensarem em mudar suas estratégias. Empresas muito pequenas ou muito grandes aparentam especial interesse em competir no mercado de IPD. Os perfis de empresas de projeto que foram encontrados na pesquisa parecem contrastar com as expectativas da literatura sobre a organização desse tipo de empresas, o que poderia ser resultado da sua necessidade de flexibilidade e adaptabilidade, a fim de entregar soluções criativas. No entanto, os resultados indicam que as chances são altas que no futuro uma parte significativa das empresas de projeto de arquitetura atuará no mercado de Projetos Integrados.Proposal: The construction industry is changing more and more towards integrated project delivery. Most of the research about integrated project delivery focuses on contractors. Architects could however also improve their competitive position and project portfolio by taking on an active role in innovative integrated projects. Based on a survey among 110 Dutch architectural design firms the types of offices are described that show interest in integrated practices as part of their competition strategy. The results of this research reveal critical factors that are drivers for change in current marketing and organisational strategies of architectural design firms. Especially more control over construction processes and product quality makes firms think about changing their strategies. Very small and very large firms seemed particularly interested in competing in integrated project delivery. The office profiles that were found in the survey appear to contrast to the expectations from literature about the organisation of these kinds of firms. This could be a result of their need for flexibility and adaptability in order to deliver creative designs. However, the results indicate that the chances are high that in the future a significant part of the architectural design firms will enact in integrated project delivery

Interrogational Torture in Criminal Proceedings - Reflections on Legal History -, Vol. 2

Subject of this publication is torture as an interrogational instrument in criminal proceedings from a legal history point of view. Thereby, the author makes a distinction between torturing the accused on the one hand and, on the other hand, torture as an instrument to force a witness’ incriminating testimony against third parties (in German: Zeugenfolter), torture as a means to avert dangers (lifesaving torture), torture as an additional cruelty to the accused’s punishment (in German: Straffolter), and corporal punishment for lying in court. Only the first manifestation, namely torturing the accused intending to extort his confession, is the real subject of this paper. Volume I covers the following historical periods: Code of Hammurabi; Germanic Law; Roman Law; Age of the Kingdom of the Franks; High Middle Ages

Interrogational Torture in Criminal Proceedings - Reflections on Legal History -, Vol. 1

Subject of this publication is torture as an interrogational instrument in criminal proceedings from a legal history point of view. Thereby, the author makes a distinction between torturing the accused on the one hand and, on the other hand, torture as an instrument to force a witness’ incriminating testimony against third parties (in German: Zeugenfolter), torture as a means to avert dangers (lifesaving torture), torture as an additional cruelty to the accused’s punishment (in German: Straffolter), and corporal punishment for lying in court. Only the first manifestation, namely torturing the accused intending to extort his confession, is the real subject of this paper. Volume I covers the following historical periods: Code of Hammurabi; Germanic Law; Roman Law; Age of the Kingdom of the Franks; High Middle Ages

Development and Production of Artificial Test Swarf to Examine Wear Behavior of Running Engine Components - Geometrically Derived Designs

Subtractive manufacturing processes are usually accompanied by the occurrence of tiny flakes and swarf, which later on cause severe wear and damage, especially in moving components such as rolling or sliding bearings, pistons, etc. However, up until now, such detrimental effects have hardly been investigated. One reason is the lack of a definition of a typical design of debris particle. Therefore, the main goal of the project described in this paper was to elaborate a draft that defines standardized test particles. It had to be evaluated whether test particles could be adequately reproduced and whether they would reveal significant damage potential. Taking into account future mass fabrication, Micro Powder Injection Molding (MicroPIM) was chosen as a production method. Five different 3D designs of geometrically defined test particles were developed. The maximum size of each design was 1167 mm in green state; however, all samples shrank in size during sintering. Specially tailored feedstocks containing 42CrMo4 steel powders were used and the related molding, debinding and sintering procedures were developed. All particle geometries and related mold inserts were developed using a commercial software routine for the layout of runner systems, gate locations and ejector positions. The damage potential of the test particles was evaluated based on trials using journal bearing and shift valve test rigs. Although only a moderate degree of damage potential could be ascertained up until now, it can be expected that the artificial swarf will enable standardized wear test procedures to be developed

Development of a component-level hydrogen transport model with openfoam and application to tritium transport inside a demo hcpb breeder

This work continues the development of a numerical model to simulate transient tritium transport on the breeder zone (BZ) level for the EU helium-cooled pebble bed (HCPB) concept for DEMO. The basis of the model is the open-source field operation and manipulation framework, OpenFOAM. The key output quantities of the model are the tritium concentration in the purge gas and in the coolant and the tritium inventory inside the BZ structure. New model features are briefly summarized. As a first relevant application a simulation of tritium transport for a single pin out of the KIT HCPB design for DEMO is presented. A variety of scenarios investigates the impact of the permeation regime (diffusion-limited vs. surface-limited), of an additional hydrogen content of 300 Pa H2 in the purge gas, of the released species (HT vs. T$_{2}$), and of the choice of species-specific rate constants (recombination constant of HT set twice as for H$_{2}$ and T$_{2}$). The results indicate that the released species plays a minor role for permeation. Both permeation and inventory show a considerable dependence on a possible hydrogen addition in the purge gas. An enhanced HT recombination constant reduces steel T inventories and, in the diffusion-limited case, also permeation significantly. Scenarios with 80 bar vs. 2 bar purge gas pressure indicate that purge gas volumetric flow is decisive for permeation