Use of Magnetic Flux Techniques to Detect Wheel Tread Damage

Rail vehicle wheelsets are regularly maintained to ensure safe operation on track and prolong life. This is achieved through measurements to inspect roundness, profile shape, rim thickness and visual inspections of surface damage. If necessary, wheels are reprofiled on a lathe to preserve the optimal wheel shape and remove any visible surface damage. Surface damage is difficult to classify visually, leading to highly subjective results. It is also not possible to establish defect depth through visual inspections. Magnetic flux leakage technology has been successfully applied to the detection of defects in rails. This technology has been adapted for the evaluation of wheel damage resulting in a fast, repeatable method of quantifying damage on railway wheels. This paper describes the theory behind the magnetic flux leakage technique and how it has been applied to the detection of wheel damage. This includes a summary of the assessment of the depth of damage into the wheel tread for a range of wheelsets. The benefits to train operators of adopting this technology is also presented

Use of Magnetic Flux Techniques to Detect Wheel Tread Damage

Rail vehicle wheelsets are regularly maintained to ensure their safe operation on track and prolong their life. This is achieved through measurements to inspect roundness, profile shape (wear), rim thickness and visual inspections of surface damage. If necessary, wheels are turned on a lathe to preserve the optimal wheel shape/profile and remove any visible surface damage. Surface damage is difficult to classify visually, leading to highly subjective results. It is also not possible to establish defect depth through visual inspections. Wheel turning removes this damage, but there is a crucial balance between removing enough material to eliminate the defects whilst taking the minimum cut to preserve the rim thickness (i.e. wheel life). As such, the wheel lathe operator will take multiple small cuts to prevent excessive material removal. This increases the time that the vehicle is on the wheel lathe (out-of-service) rather than in revenue-earning service. Magnetic flux technology has been successfully applied to the detection of surface and sub-surface defects in rails. Work is currently on-going to adapt this technology for the evaluation of wheel damage. This will produce a fast, repeatable method of quantifying damage on railway wheels. Resulting in reduced inspection times and optimised wheel turning; saving time and increasing wheelset life. Management and trending of the recorded data will enable maintainers to identify problem vehicles or wheelsets and plan maintenance in advance. This will also assist train operators when evaluating wheelset performance and costs. This paper will describe the theory behind the magnetic flux technique and how it has been applied to the detection of wheel tread damage. This will include a summary of the assessment of the surface size, shape, position and depth of damage into the wheel tread for a range of in-service and scrap wheelsets. The benefits to an operator of adopting this technology will also be described

Context Dependence in English Futures

No abstract

Modifiers of Modal Auxiliaries: New Sources for Ordering

Modifiers of Modal Auxiliaries: New Sources for Orderin

One belt, one road from the perspective of funding sources

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to present the investment needs for the implementation of the project, one belt one road, possible sources of its financing, as well as the investments accepted under the initiative.DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The concept of the New Silk Road connecting Europe and Asia, although officially announced in 2013 at the University of Nazarbayev in Kazakhstan, was created a few years earlier. This study combines related sources to light the initiative form different perspectives.FINDINGS: The conclusion is that the One Belt, One Road route is to ensure connectivity and cooperation within six major economic corridors, which include, the PRC, Mongolia, the Russian Federation, the Indian subcontinent with Pakistan, Central and Western Asia. As a result, the full implementation of the project requires communication in the dimension of several corridors.PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: From a geopolitical point of view, the New Silk Road is an expression of the PRC's expansion, constituting a Chinese form of globalization, which can be a useful tool for the economic development of the regions involved in this project.ORIGINALITY/VALUE: To the author’s knowledge there is not other research presenting the investment needs for the new silk road.peer-reviewe

The Origins and Transformation of East Asian Financial Regionalism

The processes in East and South Asian became a peculiar subject for global community of international relations in the field. The presented volume is a collection of papers dealing with the processes of regionalization in East and South Asia. We collected papers from different academic unit both from Europe and Asia. Taking regionalization as a core subject of the volume the readers will discover the complexity of ongoing processes in East and South Asia. We present collection of papers from a very different perspectives starting from the theoretical debates, through economic dimensions of integration to political and military scope of regionalization in East and South Asia. The whole volume presents the diversity of understanding among international relations scholars community. By shaping the diverse view we can possess the better and in depth understanding of East Asia.The Project was funded by the National Science Centre on the basis of the decision number DEC-2011/03/B/HS4/01154