18 research outputs found

    Fourteen sequence variants that associate with multiple sclerosis discovered by meta-analysis informed by genetic correlations

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    A meta-analysis of publicly available summary statistics on multiple sclerosis combined with three Nordic multiple sclerosis cohorts (21,079 cases, 371,198 controls) revealed seven sequence variants associating with multiple sclerosis, not reported previously. Using polygenic risk scores based on public summary statistics of variants outside the major histocompatibility complex region we quantified genetic overlap between common autoimmune diseases in Icelanders and identified disease clusters characterized by autoantibody presence/absence. As multiple sclerosis-polygenic risk scores captures the risk of primary biliary cirrhosis and vice versa (P = 1.6 x 10(-7), 4.3 x 10(-9)) we used primary biliary cirrhosis as a proxy-phenotype for multiple sclerosis, the idea being that variants conferring risk of primary biliary cirrhosis have a prior probability of conferring risk of multiple sclerosis. We tested 255 variants forming the primary biliary cirrhosis-polygenic risk score and found seven multiple sclerosis-associating variants not correlated with any previously established multiple sclerosis variants. Most of the variants discovered are close to or within immune-related genes. One is a low-frequency missense variant in TYK2, another is a missense variant in MTHFR that reduces the function of the encoded enzyme affecting methionine metabolism, reported to be dysregulated in multiple sclerosis brain.publishedVersio

    Fourteen sequence variants that associate with multiple sclerosis discovered by meta-analysis informed by genetic correlations

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    To access publisher's full text version of this article, please click on the hyperlink in Additional Links field or click on the hyperlink at the top of the page marked FilesA meta-analysis of publicly available summary statistics on multiple sclerosis combined with three Nordic multiple sclerosis cohorts (21,079 cases, 371,198 controls) revealed seven sequence variants associating with multiple sclerosis, not reported previously. Using polygenic risk scores based on public summary statistics of variants outside the major histocompatibility complex region we quantified genetic overlap between common autoimmune diseases in Icelanders and identified disease clusters characterized by autoantibody presence/absence. As multiple sclerosis-polygenic risk scores captures the risk of primary biliary cirrhosis and vice versa (P = 1.6 x 10(-7), 4.3 x 10(-9)) we used primary biliary cirrhosis as a proxy-phenotype for multiple sclerosis, the idea being that variants conferring risk of primary biliary cirrhosis have a prior probability of conferring risk of multiple sclerosis. We tested 255 variants forming the primary biliary cirrhosis-polygenic risk score and found seven multiple sclerosis-associating variants not correlated with any previously established multiple sclerosis variants. Most of the variants discovered are close to or within immune-related genes. One is a low-frequency missense variant in TYK2, another is a missense variant in MTHFR that reduces the function of the encoded enzyme affecting methionine metabolism, reported to be dysregulated in multiple sclerosis brain.Swedish Research Council Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation AFA Foundation Swedish Brain Foundatio

    Low-Frequency and Rare-Coding Variation Contributes to Multiple Sclerosis Risk

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    Multiple sclerosis is a complex neurological disease, with 3c20% of risk heritability attributable to common genetic variants, including >230 identified by genome-wide association studies. Multiple strands of evidence suggest that much of the remaining heritability is also due to additive effects of common variants rather than epistasis between these variants or mutations exclusive to individual families. Here, we show in 68,379 cases and controls that up to 5% of this heritability is explained by low-frequency variation in gene coding sequence. We identify four novel genes driving MS risk independently of common-variant signals, highlighting key pathogenic roles for regulatory T cell homeostasis and regulation, IFN\u3b3 biology, and NF\u3baB signaling. As low-frequency variants do not show substantial linkage disequilibrium with other variants, and as coding variants are more interpretable and experimentally tractable than non-coding variation, our discoveries constitute a rich resource for dissecting the pathobiology of MS. In a large multi-cohort study, unexplained heritability for multiple sclerosis is detected in low-frequency coding variants that are missed by GWAS analyses, further underscoring the role of immune genes in MS pathology

    Kriterier för effektiv riskkommunikation : – Sanering av förorenade omrĂ„denNy rĂ€ttad utgĂ„va

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    Den hĂ€r rapporten handlar om riskkommunikation i samband med sanering av förorenad mark. Det finns en koncentration pĂ„ att finna de grundlĂ€ggande kriterierna för en effektiv riskkommunikation snarare Ă€n att framstĂ€lla guidelines till olika grupper med detaljerade rĂ„d. Situationerna Ă€r olika och rĂ„den kan dĂ€rför variera – men följer man de grundlĂ€ggande kriterier som redovisas, har man ocksĂ„ goda möjligheter att Ă„stadkomma en effektiv riskkommunikation. Den hĂ€r rapporten ska ses som nĂ€ra kopplad till den som WSP utgav med titeln ”Vem kan man lita pĂ„?” som ger mĂ„nga kloka och praktiska rĂ„d och som ocksĂ„ faller under NaturvĂ„rdsverkets projektprogram HĂ„llbar Sanering. I nĂ„gra inledande avsnitt ges en bakgrund till vikten av trovĂ€rdighet vid riskkommunikation, teori och tillĂ€mpningar genom att ett antal modeller redovisas samt en bakgrund till begreppen oro och trygghet. I ett kapitel redovisas resultaten frĂ„n fyra empiriska studier. I tvĂ„ fallstudier prövades och utvecklades en modell som projektgruppen Ă€r vĂ€lbekant med. Den bygger pĂ„ Peter Sandmans Outrage Factor Model (Indignationsmodellen). Rapporten redovisar Ă€ven tentativa prövningar av att empiriskt greppa sprĂ„kets betydelse vid riskkommunikation. Detta gjordes via en enkĂ€t i samband med tre förelĂ€sningstillfĂ€llen. I en större empirisk ansats distribuerades en enkĂ€t till 2000 personer i samarbete med SCB. MĂ„lgrupper var dels orter dĂ€r man i media speglat problem/konflikter i samband med marksanering och dels orter dĂ€r nĂ„gra sĂ„dana artiklar knappast förekommit i lokala media. Resultaten samlades in och redovisades i sĂ„vĂ€l kvantitativ som kvalitativ form. Inte minst stödde den kvalitativa analysen av data att sprĂ„ket Ă€r av stor betydelse nĂ€r man kommunicerar om risker i samhĂ€llet. I ett slutkapitel redovisas sex grundlĂ€ggande kriterier för effektiv riskkommunikation. Dessa Ă€r: 1) Snabb och korrekt information till berörda, 2) Möta medias eventuella informationsbehov, 3) Transparens, ingen dold agenda, 4) Personligt möte med den mest berörda gruppen av mĂ€nniskor, 5) Redovisa planerade Ă„tgĂ€rder, 6) Involvera mĂ€nniskor i riskkommunikationen. NĂ„gra vĂ€gar för framtida forskning som rapporten förordar Ă€r betydelsen av sprĂ„ket som anvĂ€nds vid riskkommunikation samt ocksĂ„ relevansen av begreppet trygghet nĂ€r man ska förstĂ„ vad effektiv riskkommunikation Ă€r. I bilagor som avslutar rapporten kan man ta del av de enkĂ€ter som administrerades inom projektet

    Kriterier för effektiv riskkommunikation : – Sanering av förorenade omrĂ„denNy rĂ€ttad utgĂ„va

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    Den hĂ€r rapporten handlar om riskkommunikation i samband med sanering av förorenad mark. Det finns en koncentration pĂ„ att finna de grundlĂ€ggande kriterierna för en effektiv riskkommunikation snarare Ă€n att framstĂ€lla guidelines till olika grupper med detaljerade rĂ„d. Situationerna Ă€r olika och rĂ„den kan dĂ€rför variera – men följer man de grundlĂ€ggande kriterier som redovisas, har man ocksĂ„ goda möjligheter att Ă„stadkomma en effektiv riskkommunikation. Den hĂ€r rapporten ska ses som nĂ€ra kopplad till den som WSP utgav med titeln ”Vem kan man lita pĂ„?” som ger mĂ„nga kloka och praktiska rĂ„d och som ocksĂ„ faller under NaturvĂ„rdsverkets projektprogram HĂ„llbar Sanering. I nĂ„gra inledande avsnitt ges en bakgrund till vikten av trovĂ€rdighet vid riskkommunikation, teori och tillĂ€mpningar genom att ett antal modeller redovisas samt en bakgrund till begreppen oro och trygghet. I ett kapitel redovisas resultaten frĂ„n fyra empiriska studier. I tvĂ„ fallstudier prövades och utvecklades en modell som projektgruppen Ă€r vĂ€lbekant med. Den bygger pĂ„ Peter Sandmans Outrage Factor Model (Indignationsmodellen). Rapporten redovisar Ă€ven tentativa prövningar av att empiriskt greppa sprĂ„kets betydelse vid riskkommunikation. Detta gjordes via en enkĂ€t i samband med tre förelĂ€sningstillfĂ€llen. I en större empirisk ansats distribuerades en enkĂ€t till 2000 personer i samarbete med SCB. MĂ„lgrupper var dels orter dĂ€r man i media speglat problem/konflikter i samband med marksanering och dels orter dĂ€r nĂ„gra sĂ„dana artiklar knappast förekommit i lokala media. Resultaten samlades in och redovisades i sĂ„vĂ€l kvantitativ som kvalitativ form. Inte minst stödde den kvalitativa analysen av data att sprĂ„ket Ă€r av stor betydelse nĂ€r man kommunicerar om risker i samhĂ€llet. I ett slutkapitel redovisas sex grundlĂ€ggande kriterier för effektiv riskkommunikation. Dessa Ă€r: 1) Snabb och korrekt information till berörda, 2) Möta medias eventuella informationsbehov, 3) Transparens, ingen dold agenda, 4) Personligt möte med den mest berörda gruppen av mĂ€nniskor, 5) Redovisa planerade Ă„tgĂ€rder, 6) Involvera mĂ€nniskor i riskkommunikationen. NĂ„gra vĂ€gar för framtida forskning som rapporten förordar Ă€r betydelsen av sprĂ„ket som anvĂ€nds vid riskkommunikation samt ocksĂ„ relevansen av begreppet trygghet nĂ€r man ska förstĂ„ vad effektiv riskkommunikation Ă€r. I bilagor som avslutar rapporten kan man ta del av de enkĂ€ter som administrerades inom projektet

    Is there a diffusion of alkali in the activation of dissolving cellulose pulp at low NAOH stoichiometric excess?

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    We conducted a quantitative study, following the degree of activation (i.e. the transformation to alkali cellulose, denoted as DoA) over time for dissolving cellulose pulp treated with different [NaOH] at low NaOH/anhydroglucose unit stoichiometric ratio (denoted as (r) ≀ 2.6). Our quantitative approach was based on Raman spectroscopy data, evaluated by partial least squares regression modelling. The results show strong influence of the (r) on DoA (increasing from DoA= 45% at (r) = 0.8, to DoA = 85% at (r) = 2.6), and its complex dependence on [NaOH]. At (r) = 0.8 the highest DoA (DoA ≳ 60%) was found at 30% [NaOH], while at (r) =1.3 it was found at 20% [NaOH] (DoA ≳ 80%). Although activation of cellulose happens in minutes at the studied temperature (30 °C), it was found that the reaction may be slow when a low (r) is used. A gradual increase of the DoA from ≈ 30% to ≈ 70% in time was seen when samples were activated with 30% [NaOH] at (r) = 0.8. At the same (r), a similar increase of DoA from ≈ 30 % to ≈ 60 % was also observed when 40% [NaOH] was used. Slow diffusion of NaOH through poorly swollen cellulose fibres is proposed as an explanation for this phenomenon. Lastly, solid-state CP/MAS NMR measurements suggest that at a fixed temperature, the Na-Cell allomorph mostly depends on [NaOH]. However, in the transition area between Na-Cell I and Na-Cell II, its influence might be affected by (r). Bio4Energ

    Wire-arc additive manufacturing of a duplex stainless steel : thermal cycle analysis and microstructure characterization

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    The evolution of microstructures with thermal cycles was studied for wire-arc additive manufacturing of duplex stainless steel blocks. To produce samples, arc energy of 0.5kJ/mm and interlayer temperature of 150 degrees C were used as low heat input-low interlayer temperature (LHLT) and arc energy of 0.8kJ/mm and interlayer temperature of 250 degrees C as high heat input-high interlayer temperature (HHHT). Thermal cycles were recorded with different thermocouples attached to the substrate as well as the built layers. The microstructure was analyzed using optical and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that a similar geometry was produced with 14 layers4 beads in each layerfor LHLT and 15 layers3 beads in each layerfor HHHT. Although the number of reheating cycles was higher for LHLT, each layer was reheated for a shorter time at temperatures above 600 degrees C, compared with HHHT. A higher austenite fraction (+8%) was achieved for as-deposited LHLT beads, which experienced faster cooling between 1200 and 800 degrees C. The austenite fraction of the bulk of additively manufactured samples, reheated several times, was quite similar for LHLT and HHHT samples. A higher fraction of secondary phases was found in the HHHT sample due to longer reheating at a high temperature. In conclusion, an acceptable austenite fraction with a low fraction of secondary phases was obtained in the bulk of wire-arc additively manufactured duplex stainless steel samples (35-60%), where higher austenite fractions formed with a larger number of reheating cycles as well as longer reheating at high peak temperatures (800-1200 degrees C)
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