Effects of irrigation applied at different growth stages on chickpea yield

ArticleThis study was conducted over the experimental fields of Erciyes University in 2016 to investigate the effects of irrigations applied at different growth stages on chickpea yields. Experiments were conducted in randomized blocks design with 3 replications. There were 7 irrigation treatments as of I1: rainfed, I2: pre-bloom single irrigation, I3: single irrigation at the beginning of blooming, I4: single irrigation at 50% pod set, I5: two irrigations at 50% bloom and 50% pod-set, I6: two irrigations at pre-bloom and 50% pod-set, I7: full irrigation. The amount of applied irrigation water varied between 85.6–323 mm. Plant water consumptions varied between 262 – 569 mm. The greatest yield was obtained from I4 treatment with 273 kg da-1 and the lowest yield was obtained from I1 treatments with 146 kg da-1. It was concluded for chickpea cultivation under deficit water resources conditions that water deficits may be applied at different growth stages except for 50% pod-set period

Variaciones en los contenidos de aceite, proteínas, ácidos grasos y vitamina E de las semillas de calabaza con riego deficitario

In the present study, pumpkin (Cucurbita Pepo L.) was grown under water stress to determine its effects on the chemical composition of the seeds (i.e., oil, protein, fatty acids and vitamin E), in Kayseri, Turkey. Irrigation treatments were designed to supply different portions of depleted moisture within the efficient root zone of the plants (60 cm). The treatments were arranged as supplying 100% (I100), 80% (I80), 60% (I60), 40% (I40), 20% (I20) and 0% (I0) of depleted moisture through a drip irrigation system. The effects of irrigation levels on the oil content of pumpkin seeds were found to be significant (p < 0.01). The oil contents of irrigation treatments varied between 26% (I0, dry) and 64% (I100, full irrigation). However, the effects of deficit irrigation on protein, fatty acids and vitamin E contents were not found to be significant. The vitamin E contents varied from 41.6 – 55.3 mg/100 g; while the protein contents varied from 28.5–37.7%. Six different fatty acids (linolenic, linoleic, oleic, stearic, palmitic and myristic acid) were examined. The average concentration of palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids ranged from 10.7–12.6%, 6.4–10.4%, 39.6–48.9% and 32.4–35%, respectively. Myristic and linolenic acids were not detected in the pumpkin seeds.En este trabajo se cultivaron calabazas (Cucurbita Pepo L.) en Kayseri, Turquía, con el objetivo de determinar los efectos del estrés hídrico en la composición química de las semillas (aceite, proteínas, ácidos grasos y vitamina E). Los tratamientos de irrigación se realizaron mediante el suministro de diferentes porciones de humedad dentro de la zona de la raíz eficiente de las plantas (60 cm). Los tratamientos se organizaron para suministrar 100% (I100), 80% (I80), 60% (I60), 40% (I40), 20% (I20) y 0% (I0) de humedad controlada a través del sistema de riego por goteo. Los efectos de los niveles de irrigación sobre el contenido de aceite de las semillas de calabaza fueron significativos (p < 0.01). El contenido de aceite en función de los tratamientos de riego varió entre el 26% (I0, seco) y el 64% (I100, riego completo). Sin embargo, los efectos del déficit de irrigación sobre los contenidos de proteínas, ácidos grasos y vitamina E no fueron significativos. Los contenidos de vitamina E variaron entre 41,6 y 55,3 mg/100 g, mientras que los contenidos de proteína variaron entre 28,5 y 37,7%. Se determinaron seis ácidos grasos (linolénico, linoleico, oleico, esteárico, palmítico y mirístico). La concentración promedio de los ácidos palmítico, esteárico, oleico y linoleico osciló entre 10,7–12,6%, 6,4–10,4%, 39,6–48,9% y 32,4–35%, respectivamente. Los ácidos mirístico y linolénico no fueron detectaron en las semillas de calabaza

Variaciones en los contenidos de aceite, proteínas, ácidos grasos y vitamina E de las semillas de calabaza con riego deficitario

In the present study, pumpkin (Cucurbita Pepo L.) was grown under water stress to determine its effects on the chemical composition of the seeds (i.e., oil, protein, fatty acids and vitamin E), in Kayseri, Turkey. Irrigation treatments were designed to supply different portions of depleted moisture within the efficient root zone of the plants (60 cm). The treatments were arranged as supplying 100% (I100), 80% (I80), 60% (I60), 40% (I40), 20% (I20) and 0% (I0) of depleted moisture through a drip irrigation system. The effects of irrigation levels on the oil content of pumpkin seeds were found to be significant (p < 0.01). The oil contents of irrigation treatments varied between 26% (I0, dry) and 64% (I100, full irrigation). However, the effects of deficit irrigation on protein, fatty acids and vitamin E contents were not found to be significant. The vitamin E contents varied from 41.6 – 55.3 mg/100 g; while the protein contents varied from 28.5–37.7%. Six different fatty acids (linolenic, linoleic, oleic, stearic, palmitic and myristic acid) were examined. The average concentration of palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids ranged from 10.7–12.6%, 6.4–10.4%, 39.6–48.9% and 32.4–35%, respectively. Myristic and linolenic acids were not detected in the pumpkin seeds.En este trabajo se cultivaron calabazas (Cucurbita Pepo L.) en Kayseri, Turquía, con el objetivo de determinar los efectos del estrés hídrico en la composición química de las semillas (aceite, proteínas, ácidos grasos y vitamina E). Los tratamientos de irrigación se realizaron mediante el suministro de diferentes porciones de humedad dentro de la zona de la raíz eficiente de las plantas (60 cm). Los tratamientos se organizaron para suministrar 100% (I100), 80% (I80), 60% (I60), 40% (I40), 20% (I20) y 0% (I0) de humedad controlada a través del sistema de riego por goteo. Los efectos de los niveles de irrigación sobre el contenido de aceite de las semillas de calabaza fueron significativos (p < 0.01). El contenido de aceite en función de los tratamientos de riego varió entre el 26% (I0, seco) y el 64% (I100, riego completo). Sin embargo, los efectos del déficit de irrigación sobre los contenidos de proteínas, ácidos grasos y vitamina E no fueron significativos. Los contenidos de vitamina E variaron entre 41,6 y 55,3 mg/100 g, mientras que los contenidos de proteína variaron entre 28,5 y 37,7%. Se determinaron seis ácidos grasos (linolénico, linoleico, oleico, esteárico, palmítico y mirístico). La concentración promedio de los ácidos palmítico, esteárico, oleico y linoleico osciló entre 10,7–12,6%, 6,4–10,4%, 39,6–48,9% y 32,4–35%, respectivamente. Los ácidos mirístico y linolénico no fueron detectaron en las semillas de calabaza

Converting simulated total dry matter to fresh marketable yield for field vegetables at a range of nitrogen supply levels

Simultaneous analysis of economic and environmental performance of horticultural crop production requires qualified assumptions on the effect of management options, and particularly of nitrogen (N) fertilisation, on the net returns of the farm. Dynamic soil-plant-environment simulation models for agro-ecosystems are frequently applied to predict crop yield, generally as dry matter per area, and the environmental impact of production. Economic analysis requires conversion of yields to fresh marketable weight, which is not easy to calculate for vegetables, since different species have different properties and special market requirements. Furthermore, the marketable part of many vegetables is dependent on N availability during growth, which may lead to complete crop failure under sub-optimal N supply in tightly calculated N fertiliser regimes or low-input systems. In this paper we present two methods for converting simulated total dry matter to marketable fresh matter yield for various vegetables and European growth conditions, taking into consideration the effect of N supply: (i) a regression based function for vegetables sold as bulk or bunching ware and (ii) a population approach for piecewise sold row crops. For both methods, to be used in the context of a dynamic simulation model, parameter values were compiled from a literature survey. Implemented in such a model, both algorithms were tested against experimental field data, yielding an Index of Agreement of 0.80 for the regression strategy and 0.90 for the population strategy. Furthermore, the population strategy was capable of reflecting rather well the effect of crop spacing on yield and the effect of N supply on product grading

Effect of drip irrigation intensity on soybean seed yield and quality in the semi arid Harran plain, Turkey

Soybean (Glycine max L.) crops were grown in 2003 and 2004 to determine effect of different water stress levels on growth, some physiological variables and seed composition under semi-arid climatic conditions of Harran plain, Sanlýurfa, Turkey. Irrigation water treatments included 0 (I0), 25 (I25), 50 (I50), 75 (I75), and 100% (I100) of full irrigation amounts with a 4 day irrigation interval. Water stress resulted in reduced vegetative growth, leaf relative water content and leaf chlorophyll content. In 2003 and 2004 seed yields ranged from 322 (I0) to 3,684 kg ha�1 (I100), and from 267 (I0) to 3,952 kg ha�1 (I100), respectively. Compared to I100, the two-year average seed yield reduction for I0, I25, I50 and I75 were 92, 76, 50 and 25%, respectively. Water stress significantly decreased fatty acid content of C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, and C18:3 but not C16:0. I100 produced the highest protein value (39.60% in 2003 and 39.00% in 2004), while I0 yielded the lowest values (35.41% in 2003 and 36.11% in 2004). A negative correlation between evapotranspiration (ET) and oil content and ET and protein content in both years was determined. Leaf chlorophyll content, leaf relative water content, leaf area index, number of branch per plant, number of node per plant and plant diameter correlated positively with seed protein content and negatively with oil content.Se cultivó soja (Glycine max L.) en 2003 y 2004, en el clima semiárido de la llanura de Harran, Sanliurfa, Turquía, para determinar el efecto de diferentes niveles de estrés hídrico sobre el crecimiento, algunas variables fisiológicas y la composición de la semilla. Los tratamientos de riego incluyeron 0 (I0), 25 (I25), 50 (I50), 75 (I75), y 100% (I100) de las cantidades de riego total con un intervalo de 4 días de riego. El estrés hídrico dio como resultado una reducción en el crecimiento vegetativo, y en el contenido relativo de agua y de clorofila en las hojas. En 2003 y 2004 los rendimientos de semilla variaron de 322 (I0) a 3684 kg ha�1 (I100), y de 267 (I0) a 3952 kg ha�1 (I100), respectivamente. En los dos años, la media de la reducción del rendimiento de semilla para I0, I25, I50 e I75 fue 92, 76, 50 y 25%, respectivamente, en comparación con I100. El estrés hídrico redujo significativamente el contenido de ácidos grasos C18:0, C18:1, C18 2 y C18:3, pero no de C16:0. El tratamiento I100 produjo el valor más alto de proteínas (39,60% en 2003 y 39,00% en 2004), mientras que I0 dio los valores más bajos (35,41% en 2003 y 36,11% en 2004). Se determinó una correlación negativa en ambos años entre la evapotranspiración (ET) y el contenido de aceite y entre ET y el contenido de proteínas. El contenido de clorofila, el del agua en las hojas, el índice de área foliar, número de ramas y de nodos por planta y el diámetro de la planta correlacionaron positivamente con el contenido de proteína de las semillas y negativamente con el contenido de aceite

An experiment to investigate the ameliorative effects of foliar potassium phosphate sprays on salt-stressed strawberry plants

A pot experiment was carried out with strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch) cvv. Oso Grande and Camarosa in sand culture to investigate the effects of foliar application of 4 mM KHPO to plants grown both at high NaCl concentration (35 mM) supplied via roots and in complete nutrient solution. Treatments were (1) nutrient solution (C); (2) nutrient solution + 4 mM KHPO as a foliar application (C+Fo); (3) nutrient solution + 35 mM NaCl (C+S); and (4) nutrient solution + 35 mM sodium chloride + 4 mM KHPO as a foliar application twice weekly (C+S+Fo). The plants grown at high NaCl had less dry matter, fruit yield, and chlorophyll content than those grown in normal nutrient solution for both cultivars. Foliar KHPO sprays ameliorated the negative effects of salinity on plant growth and fruit yield. Water use by plants decreased with elevated NaCl and increased with foliar KHPO sprays. Membrane permeability increased with high NaCl and was reduced by KHPO sprays. Sodium concentration in plant tissues increased in both cultivars in the high NaCl treatment. Concentrations of P and K were in the deficient range in plants grown at high NaCl and these deficiencies were corrected by foliar KHPO.Peer reviewe

Effects of supplementary potassium and phosphorus on physiological development and mineral nutrition of cucumber and pepper cultivars grown at high salinity (NaCl)

Two cucumber (Cucumis sativus) cultivars, Seraset F and Rabina F, and two pepper (Capsicum annuum) cultivars, California Wonder and Charliston 52, were grown hydroponically for six weeks to investigate the effectiveness of supplementary potassium (K) and phosphorus (P) applied to the root zone of plants grown at high (60mM) NaCl concentration. Treatments used in this experiment were (i) control: nutrient solution alone, (ii) high salt: nutrient solution plus 60 mM NaCl, and (iii) high salt with supplementary P and K: nutrient solution plus 60 mM NaCl, 1 mM KHPO, and 2 mM KSO. Supplementary 1 mM KHPO and 2mM KSO was added to nutrient solution for four weeks. Plants grown at high salt produced less dry matter and chlorophyll than those in normal nutrient solution for both cucumber and pepper cultivars. Reductions in both dry matter and chlorophyll concentrations were greater for pepper than cucumber. Supplementary K and P restored dry matter and chlorophyll concentrations for both species to levels similar to the control. Membrane permeability increased with high salt application and these increases were greater for pepper. Supplementary K and P restored membrane permeability in both species to levels similar to the control. Plant daily water use was decreased by high salt but it was restored with supplementary K and P to levels similar to the control. Sodium (Na) concentration in plant tissues increased for both species in the high salt treatment. Concentrations of P and K were in the deficient range in the plants grown at high salt and supplementary K and P application corrected these deficiencies.Peer reviewe