18 research outputs found
Post-blast explosive residue : a review of formation and dispersion theories and experimental research
The presence of undetonated explosive residues following high order detonations is not uncommon, however the mechanism of their formation, or survival, is unknown. The existence of these residues impacts on various scenarios, for example their detection at a bomb scene allows for the identification of the explosive charge used, whilst their persistence during industrial explosions can affect the safety and environmental remediation efforts at these sites. This review article outlines the theoretical constructs regarding the formation of explosive residues during detonation and their subsequent dispersal and deposition in the surrounding media. This includes the chemical and physical aspects of detonation and how they could allow for undetonated particles to remain. The experimental and computational research conducted to date is discussed and compared to the theory in order to provide a holistic review of the phenomeno
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Cigarette Smoking Interferes With Treatment of Hypertension
• We retrospectively analyzed two studies to determine whether smoking affected the treatment of hypertension. In a study of the effects of propranolol hydrochloride (a hepatically metabolized β-blocker) vs hydrochlorothiazide, 108 smokers and 232 nonsmokers were randomized to the propranolol treatment group. The propranolol-treated smokers tended to be younger, taller, thinner, and were more likely to be black. This group also had an initial blood pressure reduction (± SD) of -7.9 ± 12.9/ -8.7 ± 8.4 mm Hg compared with -10.7 ± 13.0/ -10.9 ± 7.1 mm Hg for the nonsmokers. Blood pressure increased less during the one-year maintenance period for the nonsmokers. However, when analyzed by race, this effect was seen in blacks, but not in whites. Diastolic blood pressure tended to be reduced more in nonsmokers (vs smokers) receiving hydrochlorothiazide (-12.1 ± 6.7 vs -10.7 ± 6.7 mm Hg, respectively). The second study compared the effects of nadolol (a renally excreted β-blocker) with bendroflumethiazide. There were no significant effects on blood pressure for either of these drugs. In both studies, there was a greater tendency for smokers to be terminated from the study irrespective of drug group. We conclude that cigarette smoking does interfere with the treatment of hypertension in general, and especially with reduction of blood pressure by propranolol in black patients.(Arch Intern Med 1988;148:2116-2119