Nonlinear Particle Acceleration in Relativistic Shocks

Monte Carlo techniques are used to model nonlinear particle acceleration in parallel collisionless shocks of various speeds, including mildly relativistic ones. When the acceleration is efficient, the backreaction of accelerated particles modifies the shock structure and causes the compression ratio, r, to increase above test-particle values. Modified shocks with Lorentz factors less than about 3 can have compression ratios considerably greater than 3 and the momentum distribution of energetic particles no longer follows a power law relation. These results may be important for the interpretation of gamma-ray bursts if mildly relativistic internal and/or afterglow shocks play an important role accelerating particles that produce the observed radiation. For shock Lorentz factors greater than about 10, r approaches 3 and the so-called `universal' test-particle result of N(E) proportional to E^{-2.3} is obtained for sufficiently energetic particles. In all cases, the absolute normalization of the particle distribution follows directly from our model assumptions and is explicitly determined.Comment: Updated version, Astroparticle Physics, in press, 29 pages, 13 figure

Diffusive Shock Acceleration of High Energy Cosmic Rays

The process of diffusive acceleration of charged particles in shocked plasmas is widely invoked in astrophysics to account for the ubiquitous presence of signatures of non-thermal relativistic electrons and ions in the universe. A key characteristic of this statistical energization mechanism is the absence of a momentum scale; astrophysical systems generally only impose scales at the injection (low energy) and loss (high energy) ends of the particle spectrum. The existence of structure in the cosmic ray spectrum (the "knee") at around 3000 TeV has promoted contentions that there are at least two origins for cosmic rays, a galactic one supplying those up to the knee, and even beyond, and perhaps an extragalactic one that can explain even the ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) seen at 1-300 EeV. Accounting for the UHECRs with familiar astrophysical sites of acceleration has historically proven difficult due to the need to assume high magnetic fields in order to reduce the shortest diffusive acceleration timescale, the ion gyroperiod, to meaningful values. Yet active galaxies and gamma-ray bursts remain strong and interesting candidate sources for UHECRs, turning the theoretical focus to relativistic shocks. This review summarizes properties of diffusive shock acceleration that are salient to the issue of UHECR generation. These include spectral indices, acceleration efficencies and timescales, as functions of the shock speed and mean field orientation, and also the nature of the field turbulence. The interpretation of these characteristics in the context of gamma-ray burst models for the production of UHECRs is also examined.Comment: 10 pages, 2 embedded figures, To appear in Nuclear Physics B, Proceedings Supplements, as part of the volume for the CRIS 2004, Cosmic Ray International Seminar: "GZK and Surroundings.

Self calibration of gravitational shear-galaxy intrinsic ellipticity correlation in weak lensing surveys

The galaxy intrinsic alignment is a severe challenge to precision cosmic shear measurement. We propose to self-calibrate the induced gravitational shear-galaxy intrinsic ellipticity correlation (the GI correlation, \citealt{Hirata04b}) in weak lensing surveys with photometric redshift measurement. (1) We propose a method to extract the intrinsic ellipticity-galaxy density cross correlation (I-g) from the galaxy ellipticity-density measurement in the same redshift bin. (2) We also find a generic scaling relation to convert the extracted I-g correlation to the demanded GI correlation. We perform concept study under simplified conditions and demonstrate its capability to significantly reduce the GI contamination. We discuss the impact of various complexities on the two key ingredients of the self-calibration technique, namely the method to extract the I-g correlation and the scaling relation between the I-g and the GI correlation. We expect none of them is likely able to completely invalidate the proposed self-calibration technique.Comment: 14 pages, 4 figures. Heavily expanded version. No changes in major results and conclusions. Accepted to Ap

Modelling the spectral evolution of classical double radio sources

The spectral evolution of powerful double radio galaxies (FR II's) is thought to be determined by the acceleration of electrons at the termination shock of the jet, their transport through the bright head region into the lobes and the production of the radio emission by synchrotron radiation in the lobes. Models presented to date incorporate some of these processes in prescribing the electron distribution which enters the lobes. We have extended these models to include a description of electron acceleration at the relativistic termination shock and a selection of transport models for the head region. These are coupled to the evolution of the electron spectrum in the lobes under the influence of losses due to adiabatic expansion, by inverse Compton scattering on the cosmic background radiation and by synchrotron radiation. The evolutionary tracks predicted by this model are compared to observation using the power/source-size (P-D) diagram. We find that the simplest scenario, in which accelerated particles suffer adiabatic losses in the head region which become more severe as the source expands produces P-D-tracks which conflict with observation, because the power is predicted to decline too steeply with increasing size. Agreement with observation can be found by assuming that adiabatic losses are compensated during transport between the termination shock and the lobe by a re-acceleration process distributed throughout the head region.Comment: 14 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysic

The Impact of Intrinsic Alignments: Cosmological Constraints from a Joint Analysis of Cosmic Shear and Galaxy Survey Data

Constraints on cosmology from recent cosmic shear observations are becoming increasingly sophisticated in their treatment of potential systematic effects. Here we present cosmological constraints which include modelling of intrinsic alignments. We demonstrate how the results are changed for three different intrinsic alignment models, and for two different models of the cosmic shear galaxy population. We find that intrinsic alignments can either reduce or increase measurements of the fluctuation amplitude parameter sigma_8 depending on these decisions, and depending on the cosmic shear survey properties. This is due to the interplay between the two types of intrinsic alignment, II and GI. It has been shown that future surveys must make a careful treatment of intrinsic alignments to avoid significant biases, and that simultaneous constraints from shear-shear and shear-position correlation functions can mitigate the effects. For the first time we here combine constraints from cosmic shear surveys (shear-shear correlations) with those from "GI" intrinsic alignment data sets (shear-position correlations). We produce updated constraints on cosmology marginalised over two free parameters in the halo model for intrinsic alignments. We find that the additional freedom is well compensated by the additional information, in that the constraints are very similar indeed to those obtained when intrinsic alignments are ignored, both in terms of best fit values and uncertainties.Comment: 16 pages, 11 figure

Cosmic Shear E/B-mode Estimation with Binned Correlation Function Data

In this work I study the problem of E/B-mode separation with binned cosmic shear two-point correlation function data. Motivated by previous work on E/B-mode separation with shear two-point correlation functions and the practical considerations of data analysis, I consider E/B-mode estimators which are linear combinations of the binned shear correlation function data points. I demonstrate that these estimators mix E- and B-modes generally. I then show how to define estimators which minimize this E/B-mode mixing and give practical recipes for their construction and use. Using these optimal estimators, I demonstrate that the vector space composed of the binned shear correlation function data points can be decomposed into approximately ambiguous, E- and B-mode subspaces. With simple Fisher information estimates, I show that a non-trivial amount of information on typical cosmological parameters is contained in the ambiguous mode subspace computed in this formalism. Next, I give two examples which apply these practical estimators and recipes to generic problems in cosmic shear data analysis: data compression and spatially locating B-mode contamination. In particular, by using wavelet-like estimators with the shear correlation functions directly, one can pinpoint B-mode contamination to specific angular scales and extract information on its shape. Finally, I discuss how these estimators can be used as part of blinded or closed-box cosmic shear data analyses in order to assess and find B-mode contamination at high-precision while avoiding observer biases.Comment: 15 pages, 5 figures, 3 appendices, MNRAS submitted, comments welcome

Optical Monitoring of BL Lacertae Object S5 0716+714 with a Novel Multi-Peak Interference Filter

We at first introduce a novel photometric system, which consists of a Schmidt telescope, an objective prism, a CCD camera, and, especially, a multi-peak interference filter. The multi-peak interference filter enables light in multi passbands to pass through it simultaneously. The light in different passbands is differentially refracted by the objective prism and is focused on the CCD separately, so we have multi "images" for each object on the CCD frames. This system enables us to monitor blazars exactly simultaneously in multi wavebands on a single telescope, and to accurately trace the color change during the variation. We used this novel system to monitor the BL Lacertae object S5 0716+714 during 2006 January and February and achieved a very high temporal resolution. The object was very bright and very active during this period. Two strong flares were observed, with variation amplitudes of about 0.8 and 0.6 mags in the $V'$ band, respectively. Strong bluer-when-brighter correlations were found for both internight and intranight variations. No apparent time lag was observed between the $V'$- and $R'$-band variations, and the observed bluer-when-brighter chromatism may be mainly attributed to the larger variation amplitude at shorter wavelength. In addition to the bluer-when-brighter trend, the object also showed a bluer color when it was more active. The observed variability and its color behaviors are consistent with the shock-in-jet model.Comment: 30 pages, 22 figures, accepted by A

Particle acceleration in thick parallel shocks with high compression ratio

We report studies on first-order Fermi acceleration in parallel modified shock waves with a large scattering center compression ratio expected from turbulence transmission models. Using a Monte Carlo technique we have modeled particle acceleration in shocks with a velocity ranging from nonrelativistic to ultrarelativistic and a thickness extending from nearly steplike to very wide structures exceeding the particle diffusion length by orders of magnitude. The nonrelativistic diffusion approximation is found to be surprisingly accurate in predicting the spectral index of a thick shock with large compression ratio even in the cases involving relativistic shock speeds.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, accepted to A&