enological Development of Triticale Varieties Depending On the Weather Conditions

A field experiment was set in the period 2014-2017 on the experimental field of the Research Institute of Field Crops of the Agricultural Academy, Chirpan. Three triticale varieties were used: Colorit, Boomerang and Respect. With the aim of establishing the effect of the temperature and precipitation conditions of the year on the phenological development of triticale varieties, the sum of the active temperatures, the average temperature for the period and the sum of precipitation were calculated for each stage period. From a tillering to a maturity stage within the different varieties, a different duration of the growth stage periods is observed. These differences contribute to a better clarification of the biological requirements of the studied varieties

Productivity and Quality of Durum Wheat (Triticum Durum Desf.) at Increasing Rates Of Nitrogen Fertilization Under Long-Term Accumulation Of Nutrients In Pelic Vertisols

In a stationary fertilizing field trial, initiated in 1966 at the Institute of Feld Crops – Chirpan, Bulgaria, the influence of different rates of a nitrogen fertilizer on the productivity and quality of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) have been investigated. As a result of long-term mineral fertilization data for grain yield have been reported. The physical grain properties and some technological qualities have been determined. In the first year of the study grain yield was generally lower compared to 2015, which was better provided with precipitation. The reaction of durum wheat to the increased rates of the nitrogen fertilizer however is different during the two years. Differences in qualitative traits both depending on weather conditions and on changes in the level of nitrogen fertilization have been recorded

AGRONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF TRITICALE VARIETIES (× Triticosecale Wittm.) GROWN UNDER FERTILIZATION WITH ORGANIC MANURE FROM RED CALIFORNIAN WORMS (Lumbricus rubellus)

The aim of the study was to evaluate а grain yields of triticale varieties and some parameters of productivity - plant height and structural elements of spike, as well as possible relations between the studied traits under biological cultivation. In the period 2014‒2017 three‒factor field experiment was set up with block design method with 4 replicates, plot size of 18 m2 with 550 germinated seeds per m2 . Three varieties of triticale, three fertilizing rates with organic fertilizer and two predecessors (sunflower and durum wheat) were tested on Vertisols soils. The most productive was Respect variety - 1,293 kg/ha. The greatest increase on yields was observed at a rate of 1,750 kg/ha Lumbrical - 1,416.4 kg/ha. After а predecessor of sunflower higher yield was established - 1,350.9 kg/ha. A positive correlation between grain yields and plant height for Colorit and Boomerang varieties were observed. A positive interdependence between length of spike, number of grains per spike and weight of grains per spike was founded in all the investigated varieties

Cereal yield gaps across Europe

peer-reviewedEurope accounts for around 20% of the global cereal production and is a net exporter of ca. 15% of that production. Increasing global demand for cereals justifies questions as to where and by how much Europe’s production can be increased to meet future global market demands, and how much additional nitrogen (N) crops would require. The latter is important as environmental concern and legislation are equally important as production aims in Europe. Here, we used a country-by-country, bottom-up approach to establish statistical estimates of actual grain yield, and compare these to modelled estimates of potential yields for either irrigated or rainfed conditions. In this way, we identified the yield gaps and the opportunities for increased cereal production for wheat, barley and maize, which represent 90% of the cereals grown in Europe. The combined mean annual yield gap of wheat, barley, maize was 239 Mt, or 42% of the yield potential. The national yield gaps ranged between 10 and 70%, with small gaps in many north-western European countries, and large gaps in eastern and south-western Europe. Yield gaps for rainfed and irrigated maize were consistently lower than those of wheat and barley. If the yield gaps of maize, wheat and barley would be reduced from 42% to 20% of potential yields, this would increase annual cereal production by 128 Mt (39%). Potential for higher cereal production exists predominantly in Eastern Europe, and half of Europe’s potential increase is located in Ukraine, Romania and Poland. Unlocking the identified potential for production growth requires a substantial increase of the crop N uptake of 4.8 Mt. Across Europe, the average N uptake gaps, to achieve 80% of the yield potential, were 87, 77 and 43 kg N ha−1 for wheat, barley and maize, respectively. Emphasis on increasing the N use efficiency is necessary to minimize the need for additional N inputs. Whether yield gap reduction is desirable and feasible is a matter of balancing Europe’s role in global food security, farm economic objectives and environmental targets.We received financial contributions from the strategic investment funds (IPOP) of Wageningen University & Research, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, MACSUR under EU FACCE-JPI which was funded through several national contributions, and TempAg (http://tempag.net/)

Agronomic performance of rye-type triticale varieties, grown in agro-climatic conditions of Southern Bulgaria

Эксперимент был проведен на экспериментальном поле Аграрного Университета — Пловдив. Изучены 7 сортов тритикале. Различия в генотипах тритикале, измеренная средняя урожайность зерновых позволяет им отображаться в следующем порядке возрастания — Алтер < Ракита < Фронтера < Скудо < Колорит < Атила < Акорд

Differences in the triticale (X triticosecale wittmack) flag leaf 2-de protein profile between varieties and nitrogen fertilization levels

Nitrogen nutrition is one of the major factors limiting the growth and production of crop plants. Limited information on proteome changes occurring in response to nitrogen amount have been available up to now. We used 2-DE to investigate proteome differences between two triticale varieties and the changes caused by nitrogen nutrition deficit in the flag leaf tissue. Some physiological features, such as the number of tillers per plant, SPAD index, dry weight, and protein content were measured previous to the proteomic analysis. Statistical analysis identified 29 differential protein spots in the selected pairwise comparisons of experimental conditions and correlated with the expression cluster revealed by the principal component analysis. The 29 protein spots were subjected to matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) to deduce their possible functions. Many of these changes referred to enzymes involved in photosynthesis, metabolic pathways implicated in the balance of the energy, and redox status of the cell. This work provides a first characterization of the proteome changes that occur in response to nitrogen deficit in flag leaves of triticale plants. © 2010 American Chemical Society.We thank University of Cordoba and Junta de Andalucía for financial support (AGR-164 Agricultural and Plant Biochemistry and Proteomics).Peer Reviewe

Cereal yield gaps across Europe

Europe accounts for around 20% of the global cereal production and is a net exporter of ca. 15% of that production. Increasing global demand for cereals justifies questions as to where and by how much Europe’s production can be increased to meet future global market demands, and how much additional nitrogen (N) crops would require. The latter is important as environmental concern and legislation are equally important as production aims in Europe. Here, we used a country-by-country, bottom-up approach to establish statistical estimates of actual grain yield, and compare these to modelled estimates of potential yields for either irrigated or rainfed conditions. In this way, we identified the yield gaps and the opportunities for increased cereal production for wheat, barley and maize, which represent 90% of the cereals grown in Europe. The combined mean annual yield gap of wheat, barley, maize was 239 Mt, or 42% of the yield potential. The national yield gaps ranged between 10 and 70%, with small gaps in many north-western European countries, and large gaps in eastern and south-western Europe. Yield gaps for rainfed and irrigated maize were consistently lower than those of wheat and barley. If the yield gaps of maize, wheat and barley would be reduced from 42% to 20% of potential yields, this would increase annual cereal production by 128 Mt (39%). Potential for higher cereal production exists predominantly in Eastern Europe, and half of Europe’s potential increase is located in Ukraine, Romania and Poland. Unlocking the identified potential for production growth requires a substantial increase of the crop N uptake of 4.8 Mt. Across Europe, the average N uptake gaps, to achieve 80% of the yield potential, were 87, 77 and 43 kg N ha−1 for wheat, barley and maize, respectively. Emphasis on increasing the N use efficiency is necessary to minimize the need for additional N inputs. Whether yield gap reduction is desirable and feasible is a matter of balancing Europe’s role in global food security, farm economic objectives and environmental targets.We received financial contributions from the strategic investment funds (IPOP) of Wageningen University & Research, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, MACSUR under EU FACCE-JPI which was funded through several national contributions, and TempAg (http://tempag.net/)

Cereal yield gaps across Europe

Europe accounts for around 20% of the global cereal production and is a net exporter of ca. 15% of that production. Increasing global demand for cereals justifies questions as to where and by how much Europe’s production can be increased to meet future global market demands, and how much additional nitrogen (N) crops would require. The latter is important as environmental concern and legislation are equally important as production aims in Europe. Here, we used a country-by-country, bottom-up approach to establish statistical estimates of actual grain yield, and compare these to modelled estimates of potential yields for either irrigated or rainfed conditions. In this way, we identified the yield gaps and the opportunities for increased cereal production for wheat, barley and maize, which represent 90% of the cereals grown in Europe. The combined mean annual yield gap of wheat, barley, maize was 239 Mt, or 42% of the yield potential. The national yield gaps ranged between 10 and 70%, with small gaps in many north-western European countries, and large gaps in eastern and south-western Europe. Yield gaps for rainfed and irrigated maize were consistently lower than those of wheat and barley. If the yield gaps of maize, wheat and barley would be reduced from 42% to 20% of potential yields, this would increase annual cereal production by 128 Mt (39%). Potential for higher cereal production exists predominantly in Eastern Europe, and half of Europe’s potential increase is located in Ukraine, Romania and Poland. Unlocking the identified potential for production growth requires a substantial increase of the crop N uptake of 4.8 Mt. Across Europe, the average N uptake gaps, to achieve 80% of the yield potential, were 87, 77 and 43 kg N ha−1 for wheat, barley and maize, respectively. Emphasis on increasing the N use efficiency is necessary to minimize the need for additional N inputs. Whether yield gap reduction is desirable and feasible is a matter of balancing Europe’s role in global food security, farm economic objectives and environmental targets