Safety and Reactogenicity of Canarypox ALVAC-HIV (vCP1521) and HIV-1 gp120 AIDSVAX B/E Vaccination in an Efficacy Trial in Thailand

A prime-boost vaccination regimen with ALVAC-HIV (vCP1521) administered intramuscularly at 0, 4, 12, and 24 weeks and gp120 AIDSVAX B/E at 12 and 24 weeks demonstrated modest efficacy of 31.2% for prevention of HIV acquisition in HIV-uninfected adults participating in a community-based efficacy trial in Thailand.Reactogenicity was recorded for 3 days following vaccination. Adverse events were monitored every 6 months for 3.5 years, during which pregnancy outcomes were recorded. Of the 16,402 volunteers, 69% of the participants reported an adverse event any time after the first dose. Only 32.9% experienced an AE within 30 days following any vaccination. Overall adverse event rates and attribution of relatedness did not differ between groups. The frequency of serious adverse events was similar in vaccine (14.3%) and placebo (14.9%) recipients (p = 0.33). None of the 160 deaths (85 in vaccine and 75 in placebo recipients, p = 0.43) was assessed as related to vaccine. The most common cause of death was trauma or traffic accident. Approximately 30% of female participants reported a pregnancy during the study. Abnormal pregnancy outcomes were experienced in 17.1% of vaccine and 14.6% (p = 0.13) of placebo recipients. When the conception occurred within 3 months (estimated) of a vaccination, the majority of these abnormal outcomes were spontaneous or elective abortions among 22.2% and 15.3% of vaccine and placebo pregnant recipients, respectively (p = 0.08). Local reactions occurred in 88.0% of vaccine and 61.0% of placebo recipients (p<0.001) and were more frequent after ALVAC-HIV than AIDSVAX B/E vaccination. Systemic reactions were more frequent in vaccine than placebo recipients (77.2% vs. 59.8%, p<0.001). Local and systemic reactions were mostly mild to moderate, resolving within 3 days.The ALVAC-HIV and AIDSVAX B/E vaccine regimen was found to be safe, well tolerated and suitable for potential large-scale use in Thailand.ClinicalTrials.govNCT00223080

To love them and to leave them? A review of a Samoan community and health service research project in New Zealand

The place of Samoan and other Polynesian healing practices and related community projects in New Zealand society has only recently become a subject for study. This paper is an attempt to circumscribe for the people, both Samoan and non-Samoan, with whom I have been working, some of our cross-cultural associations in this field. To do this I have focused on moments in a process which has as many histories and as many futures as there are people participating in it. The interpretation presented here is a chronicle of significant information and events belonging to a 3-year period (1978-1980 inclusive). Behind the choice, to concentrate on describing the process of our dialogue and action rather than the end results--our 'successes' past and present--lie some fundamental questions. Can the growing understanding and on-going communication of people involved in community projects be documented so that this process is appreciated as valuable? This work takes a long commitment by researchers, even if they are members of the community project, and questions of practicality are raised. Is there a method of documentation which is acceptable both to the funding institutions that sponsor community health projects and to the people who are engaged in them? Could the present commonly accepted short-term assessment of end results, which I find objectionable, be right? And researchers evaluating community health projects, should they continue to become involved with the people they are studying for short times and then withdraw--to love them and leave them?

Dispersal of pristine graphene for biological studies

Herein, we address the conflicting behaviour of different pristine graphene dispersions through their careful preparation and characterization in aqueous media.</p

Influence of the chemical functionalization of graphene on the properties of polypropylene-based nanocomposites

9 pags., 5 figs., 4 tabs.Nanocomposites of polypropylene were prepared with different loadings of both commercially-available graphene and graphene that had been modified with low molecular weight polypropylene brushes. The dependence of the thermal stability, electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of the composites on the type and loading of graphene have been investigated. The mechanical properties were studied using several techniques, including nanoindentation, four-point bending coupled to Raman spectroscopy and tensile testing. Significant differences on the mechanical performance, due to the influence of graphene content and modification, have been observed; i.e. the Young's modulus takes values up to 30% higher for nanocomposites with modified graphene, compared to those with pristine graphene. Different trends on the variation of mechanical properties have been encountered at the local and macro scales and a discussion of the respective results from the different techniques is offered. Finally, the behavioral changes on the electrical conductivity are also discussed.Financial support by MINECO, Spain (Grants MAT2013-47898- C2-1-R and MAT2013-47898-C2-2-R) is gratefully acknowledged. S.Q.-D. and P.E.-J. acknowledge a FPI Fellowship. D.G.P, I.A.K and R.J.Y acknowledge funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement no 604391, Graphene Flagship.Peer Reviewe

Heterogeneous nonmarket benefits of managing white pine bluster rust in high-elevation pine forests

This article describes a nonmarket valuation study about benefits of managing the invasive disease white pine blister rust in high-elevation forests in the Western United States. Results demonstrate that, on average, households in the Western United States are willing to pay $154 to improve the resiliency of these forests. Factor analysis shows that long-run protection of the forests dominates recreation in motivating support. Cluster analysis suggests three groups of survey respondents: those indifferent to the program and not willing to pay, those wanting to protect the future of the high-elevation forests, and those wanting to protect both the forests and related recreational opportunities

Las fronteras del istmo

Obra organizada en torno a seis ejes principales que estudian la importancia de comparar las fronteras y los tipos de gestión desde el punto de vista geopolítico, histórico y antropológico; las tramas de la organización del espacio actual; la influencia en la evolución de las sociedades debido a la violencia política y los conflictos armados; los movimientos migratorios internacionales; la integración política y económica y finalmente los lazos comunitarios y de las identidades relacionados con las vivencias fronterizas