Lógica de prestação de contas (accountability): Padrões transnacionais em controles no nível escolar

This paper explores multiple logics of accountability by examining patterns of control of various school functions under different accountability systems. Research has shown that accountability is a global phenomenon, but how accountability is understood and enacted is locally contextualized, which implies the existence of multiple logics of accountability in practice. By linking theoretical arguments rooted in literature to empirical evidence observed in TALIS 2013, we aim to theorize logics of accountability and then demonstrate the existence of those logics across countries. We first developed a framework of logics of accountability: control-based, professional-based, test-based, and process-based accountability. We then empirically analyzed three types of control—external, internal, and mixed control—at the school level across countries and within four content areas—assessment, human resource, curriculum, and budget—to infer how each country consistently follows a logic of accountability in their schooling practices. We found that a few countries followed a relatively pure form of control-based, professional-based, and process-based logic; however, most countries followed mixed-forms of logic. Our findings provide a systematic approach for the mapping of accountability logics across countries and suggest that more thought should be paid to how the underlying logic of accountability should manifest across these different functions.Este documento explora múltiples lógicas de rendición de cuentas mediante el examen de patrones de control de diversas funciones escolares bajo diferentes sistemas de rendición de cuentas. La investigación ha demostrado que la rendición de cuentas es un fenómeno global, pero la forma en que la rendición de cuentas se entiende y se implementa se contextualiza localmente, lo que implica la existencia de múltiples lógicas de rendición de cuentas en la práctica. Al vincular los argumentos teóricos enraizados en la literatura con la evidencia empírica observada en TALIS 2013, nuestro objetivo es teorizar las lógicas de responsabilidad y luego demostrar la existencia de esas lógicas en todos los países. Primero desarrollamos un marco de lógica de rendición de cuentas: rendición de cuentas basada en control, profesional, basada en pruebas y en procesos. Luego analizamos empíricamente tres tipos de control: control externo, interno y mixto, a nivel escolar en todos los países y dentro de cuatro áreas de contenido: evaluación, recursos humanos, plan de estudios y presupuesto, para inferir cómo cada país sigue consistentemente una lógica de rendición de cuentas en sus prácticas escolares. Descubrimos que algunos países seguían una forma relativamente pura de lógica; sin embargo, la mayoría de los países siguieron formas lógicas mixtas. Nuestros resultados proporcionan un enfoque sistemático para el mapeo de las lógicas de rendición de cuentas en todos los países y sugieren que se debe pensar más en cómo la lógica subyacente de la rendición de cuentas debe manifestarse a través de estas diferentes funciones.Este documento explora várias lógicas de prestação de contas examinando os padrões de controle de várias funções da escola em diferentes sistemas de prestação de contas. A pesquisa mostrou que a prestação de contas é um fenômeno global, mas a maneira pela qual a prestação de contas é entendida e implementada é contextualizada localmente, o que implica a existência de várias lógicas de prestação de contas na prática. Ao vincular os argumentos teóricos enraizados na literatura às evidências empíricas observadas no TALIS 2013, nosso objetivo é teorizar a lógica de prestação de contas e, em seguida, demonstrar a existência dessas lógicas em todos os países. Primeiro, desenvolvemos uma estrutura de lógica de prestação de contas: baseada em controle, profissional, baseada em evidências e baseada em processos. Em seguida, analisamos empiricamente três tipos de controle: controle externo, interno e misto, no nível escolar em todos os países e em quatro áreas de conteúdo: avaliação, recursos humanos, currículo e orçamento, para inferir como cada país segue consistentemente uma lógica prestação de contas em suas práticas escolares. Descobrimos que alguns países seguiam uma forma relativamente pura de lógica; no entanto, a maioria dos países seguiu formas lógicas mistas. Nossos resultados fornecem uma abordagem sistemática ao mapeamento das lógicas de prestação de contas em todos os países e sugerem que se deva pensar mais sobre como a lógica subjacente da prestação de contas deve se manifestar por meio dessas diferentes funções

Logics of Accountability: Cross-national Patterns in School-Level Controls

This paper explores multiple logics of accountability by examining patterns of control of various school functions under different accountability systems. Research has shown that accountability is a global phenomenon, but how accountability is understood and enacted is locally contextualized, which implies the existence of multiple logics of accountability in practice. By linking theoretical arguments rooted in literature to empirical evidence observed in TALIS 2013, we aim to theorize logics of accountability and then demonstrate the existence of those logics across countries. We first developed a framework of logics of accountability: control-based, professional-based, test-based, and process-based accountability. We then empirically analyzed three types of control—external, internal, and mixed control—at the school level across countries and within four content areas—assessment, human resource, curriculum, and budget—to infer how each country consistently follows a logic of accountability in their schooling practices. We found that a few countries followed a relatively pure form of control-based, professional-based, and process-based logic; however, most countries followed mixed-forms of logic. Our findings provide a systematic approach for the mapping of accountability logics across countries and suggest that more thought should be paid to how the underlying logic of accountability should manifest across these different functions

Expanded Rosarin: A Versatile Fullerene (C₆₀) Receptor

An expanded rosarian (<b>P</b>_<b>3</b><b>P</b>_<b>6</b>) with a bowl-like conformation has been prepared and characterized in a one-pot procedure that involves condensing a bispyrrole pyridine precursor (<b>P</b>_<b>1</b><b>P</b>_<b>2</b>) with benzaldehyde, followed by oxidation. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals a bowl-like conformation in the solid state with an upper rim diameter defined by the <i>meso</i>-phenyl substituents of ca. 13.5 Å and a depth of roughly 6.3 Å. <b>P</b>_<b>3</b><b>P</b>_<b>6</b> forms both 1:1 and 2:1 complexes with C₆₀ in the solid state. DFT reveals similar energies for the two binding modes. A 1:1 binding stoichiometry dominates in 1,2-dichlorobenzene-<i>d</i>₄ at the millimolar concentrations dictated by solubility consideration. The solution phase interactions between rosarian and C₆₀ were studied using ¹H NMR, UV–vis, and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopies in 1,2-dichlorobenzene-<i>d</i>₄ or toluene. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an unfunctionalized porphyrinoid that forms a well-defined complex with C₆₀ in solution as well as in solid state

Expanded Rosarin: A Versatile Fullerene (C₆₀) Receptor

An expanded rosarian (<b>P</b>_<b>3</b><b>P</b>_<b>6</b>) with a bowl-like conformation has been prepared and characterized in a one-pot procedure that involves condensing a bispyrrole pyridine precursor (<b>P</b>_<b>1</b><b>P</b>_<b>2</b>) with benzaldehyde, followed by oxidation. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals a bowl-like conformation in the solid state with an upper rim diameter defined by the <i>meso</i>-phenyl substituents of ca. 13.5 Å and a depth of roughly 6.3 Å. <b>P</b>_<b>3</b><b>P</b>_<b>6</b> forms both 1:1 and 2:1 complexes with C₆₀ in the solid state. DFT reveals similar energies for the two binding modes. A 1:1 binding stoichiometry dominates in 1,2-dichlorobenzene-<i>d</i>₄ at the millimolar concentrations dictated by solubility consideration. The solution phase interactions between rosarian and C₆₀ were studied using ¹H NMR, UV–vis, and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopies in 1,2-dichlorobenzene-<i>d</i>₄ or toluene. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an unfunctionalized porphyrinoid that forms a well-defined complex with C₆₀ in solution as well as in solid state

Development of 5G CHAMPION testbeds for 5G services at the 2018 Winter Olympic Games

Abstract This paper describes the first available 5G testbeds as designed by 5G CHAMPION, a collaborative research project undertaken by over twenty consortium members and targeting the provision of 5G services at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Korea. In order to provide 5G services such as augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), high quality, interactive multi-player video games, the testbeds shall fulfill the challenging requirements such as ultra-high data rates, ultra-reliable low latency, and mass connectivity. To meet such requirements, revolutionary testbed architectures are proposed, designed to be flexible, cost- and energy-efficient, through adopting state-of-art multi-radio access technologies (RAT) in client devices and in the network. The testbeds will also provide mmWave wireless backhaul, an interoperable and seamless connection between two different access networks located in Europe and on the site of the Korean Winter Olympic Games

5G champion:rolling out 5G in 2018

Abstract The 5G CHAMPION Consortium will provide the first fully integrated and operational 5G prototype in 2018 — this effort is a major leap ahead compared to existing punctual technology trials, such as, e.g., Proof-of-Concept platforms focusing on mmWave communication in specific bands, etc. This paper describes the overall set-up including a synergetic combination of technologies such as beamforming based mmWave &amp; Satellite service provisioning, virtualized infrastructure, software reconfiguration across the entire stack, accurate positioning and high-speed solutions. The key enablers are described in detail and related efforts in standards and regulation organizations are discussed

Content Delivery Networks: State of the Art, Trends, and Future Roadmap

Recently, Content Delivery Networks (CDN) have become more and more popular. The technology itself is ahead of academic research in this area. Several dimensions of the technology have not been adequately investigated by academia. These dimensions include outline management, security, and standardization. Discovering and highlighting aspects of this technology that may have or have not been covered by academic research is the first step toward helping academia bridge the gap with industry or even go one step further to lead industry in the right direction. This suggests a comprehensive survey on research works in this regard. The literature in this area has already come up with some surveys and taxonomies, but some of them are outdated or do not cover every aspect of CDN while others fail to detect existing trends or to develop a holistic roadmap for research on the technology. Furthermore, none of the existing surveys aim at enlightening the dark aspects of the technology that have not been subject to academic research. In this survey, we first extract the lifecycle of a CDN as suggested by the existing research. Then, we investigate previous relevant works on each phase of the lifecycle to clarify where the research is currently located and headed. We show how CDN technology tends to converge with emerging paradigms such as cloud computing, edge computing, and machine learning, which are more mature in terms of academic research. This helps us determine the right direction for further research by revealing the deficiencies in existing works