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    ์œ ์ „ ์งˆํ™˜์ด ์˜์‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ฏธ์ง„๋‹จ ์†Œ์•„ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ž„์ƒ์ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์ธ๊ตฌํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ์งˆํ™˜ ์ง„๋‹จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2022. 8. ์ฑ„์ข…ํฌ.Background: Rare diseases (RDs) usually require convoluted assessment and life-long medical care, which cause excessive medical cost and social burden. Many countries launched a nationwide research program for RDs reflecting their characteristic medical system, based on advancement of genetic technologies. In Korea, a research program for undiagnosed RDs have been launched in 2017. This study is aimed to analyze the result of clinical workflow, and review the clinical and social characteristics of pediatric patients enrolled to the Korean Undiagnosed Disease Program (KUDP). Methods: Undiagnosed patients under 18 years old and suspected to have genetic etiologies were screened from the KUDP cohort. Sequential diagnostic process, final diagnosis, and further validation was decided and conducted to identify molecular basis of patients. Clinical and demographic data of all patients were reviewed and analyzed. All patients were classified into 3 groups based on initial clinical assessment, to identify patientsโ€™ characteristics and estimate of the value of the study. The patients who had specific clinical diagnosis which can be confirmed by targeted testing was defined as Group I. Patients diagnosed with certain disease categories, with genetic or phenotypic heterogeneity, were defined as Group II. Group III was defined as patients with an uncategorized or atypical disease thus far. Results: Among the 666 patients who participated in the KUDP between Jan 2017 to Dec 2021, 606 patients were finally enrolled in this study. The Group I, II, and III accounted 6.8% (41/606 patients), 74.9% (454/606) and 18.3% (111/606) respectively. The average age of symptom onset was 1.4 years old and most patients (504/606, 83.2%) started diagnostic evaluation within 6 months from the point of symptom onset. About three quarters of patients (447/606, 73.8%) complaint neurologic symptom as their main feature. Patients underwent 6.1 kinds of diagnostic tests (range, 1-14) at 1.4 tertiary hospital (range, 0-5), and spent more than 3 years before the KUDP admission on average. Enrolled patients had customized and stepwise diagnostic evaluation including multi-disciplinary consultation, chromosomal microarray, targeted test for single gene, exome sequencing (ES), RNA sequencing, and various non-genetic tests. Confirmative diagnoses were obtained in 327 patients (54.0%). Diagnoses were made by next-generation sequencing for 275 patients (84.1%) and other genetic testing for 44 patients (13.4%). Eight patients (2.4%) were finally diagnosed by nongenetic tests. Nine patients were diagnosed with reanalysis of ES data. The proportion of patients who had prior ES has increased over years because of cost reduction and easy accessibility. This group, however, showed similar diagnostic yield (50.4%) compared with overall cohort (54.0%), which suggested importance of in-depth phenotyping and trio-based data analyses. For remained patients undiagnosed, candidate genes were screened with a collaboration of the KUDP functional core laboratories. As a result, functional validations have completed on 4 genes and continued on 6 candidates. Conclusions: This study solved underprivileged pediatric patients with RDs and figured out overall medical environment in Korea. The favorable outcome was a result of superior clinical workflow and supporting functional core laboratories, which are quite challenging to maintain in practice. The study proved constant need for the national RD program, although its detail such as inclusion criteria or contents of diagnostic process should be revised with advancement of RD practice.์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ: ํฌ๊ท€์งˆํ™˜์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„๋‹จ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์ง€๋‚œํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‰์ƒ์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„, ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๋น„์šฉ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œ ์ „ํ•™์  ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ํž˜์ž…์–ด, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ํฌ๊ท€์งˆํ™˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 2017๋…„์— ๋ฏธ์ง„๋‹จ ํฌ๊ท€์งˆํ™˜์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์šด์˜ ์ค‘์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋ฏธ์ง„๋‹จ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ๋“ฑ๋ก๋œ ์†Œ์•„ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ž„์ƒ์ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์ธ๊ตฌํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์šด์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์†Œ์•„ ํฌ๊ท€์งˆํ™˜์ž ์ง„๋ฃŒ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋ฏธ์ง„๋‹จ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์šด์˜์˜ ์˜์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋ฏธ์ง„๋‹จ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ๋“ฑ๋ก๋œ 18์„ธ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์˜ ์œ ์ „์  ์›์ธ์ด ์˜์‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ํฌ๊ท€์งˆํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ถ„์ž ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์  ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ, ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ํ™•์ธ ๋ฐ ์ตœ์ข… ์ง„๋‹จ, ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋™์‹œ์— ์ž„์ƒ์ , ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์  ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง„๋‹จ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ํŒŒ์•…๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์ง„๋‹จ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ชจ๋“  ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ž„์ƒ ์ง„๋‹จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ผ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํŠน์ง•์ ์ธ ์งˆํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฃน 1, ์ž„์ƒ์ , ์œ ์ „ํ•™์  ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ๋น„๊ต์  ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์งˆํ™˜๊ตฐ์ด ์˜์‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทธ๋ฃน 2, ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์˜ํ•™ ์ •๋ณด๋กœ๋Š” ์ง„๋‹จ ์ถ”์ •์ด ์–ด๋ ต๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ž„์ƒ์ƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋น„์ „ํ˜•์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทธ๋ฃน 3์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: 2017๋…„ 1์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2021๋…„ 12์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋ฏธ์ง„๋‹จ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ๋“ฑ๋ก๋œ 666๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ 606๋ช…์ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ค‘ 41๋ช…(6.8%)์˜ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฃน 1, 454๋ช…(74.9%)์€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน 2, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  111๋ช…(18.3%)์€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน 3์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์ฆ์ƒ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ๋‚˜์ด๋Š” 1.4์„ธ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ 504๋ช…(83.2%)์˜ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ์ฆ์ƒ ๋ฐœํ˜„์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 6๊ฐœ์›” ์ด๋‚ด ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฒซ ์ง„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด ํ™˜์ž์˜ 73.8% (447๋ช…)๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝํ•™์  ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ์ฃผ์š” ์ฆ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์ „ ์•ฝ 3๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ํ‰๊ท  1.4๊ตฐ๋ฐ์˜ ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ 6.1๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง„๋‹จ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ , ์ด ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์—๋Š” ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์–ด๋ ˆ์ด, ๋‹จ์ผ์œ ์ „์ž ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ, ์ „์žฅ์—‘์†œ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ, RNA ์—ผ๊ธฐ์„œ์—ด๋ถ„์„๊ฒ€์‚ฌ, ํŠน์ˆ˜ ์ƒํ™”ํ•™ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ, ๋ฉด์—ญ ํ•ญ์ฒด ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 606๋ช… ์ค‘ 327๋ช…์ด ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ  (์ง„๋‹จ์œจ 54.0%) ์ด ์ค‘ 84.1% (275๋ก€)๋Š” ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€์—ผ๊ธฐ์„œ์—ด๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ 44๋ช…(13.4%)์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋กœ, 8๋ช…(2.4%)๋Š” ๋น„์œ ์ „์ž๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋น„์œ ์ „์„ฑ ํฌ๊ท€์งˆํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ตœ์ข… ์ง„๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์žฅ์—‘์†œ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ง„๋‹จ๋œ ํ™˜์ž ์ค‘ 9๋ช…์€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์žฌ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ง„๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๋น„์šฉ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋“ฑ๋ก ์ „ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ง„๋‹จ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ์ „์žฅ์—‘์†œ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋˜ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ „์žฅ์—‘์†œ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ํ›„์—๋„ ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋“ฑ๋กํ•œ ํ™˜์ž ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ๋„ ์ „์ฒด์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ 50%์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ์œจ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ง„๋‹จ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ž์ฒด๋ณด๋‹ค ํ™˜์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค๊ฐ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•จ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž„์ƒ ์ง„๋‹จ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ํ›„์—๋„ ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ํ™˜์ž๊ตฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ฏธ์ง„๋‹จํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์—ฐ๊ตฌํŒ€๊ณผ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ›„๋ณด ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด ์ค‘ 4๋ก€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์™„๋ฃŒํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™˜์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ง„๋‹จ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  6๋ก€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ค‘์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง„๋‹จ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ํฌ๊ท€์œ ์ „์งˆํ™˜์ด ์˜์‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ์†Œ์•„ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜ ์ˆ˜ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ์งˆํ™˜ ์›์ธ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์†Œ์•„ ํฌ๊ท€์งˆํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ง„๋ฃŒ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ƒ๊ธ‰์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋„ ํญ๋„“๊ฒŒ ์‹œํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ง„๋ฃŒ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์ง„๋‹จ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ง„ํ–‰ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์ด ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ง„๋‹จ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ํฌ๊ท€์งˆํ™˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์ง„๋ฃŒํŒ€ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์—ฐ๊ตฌํŒ€์˜ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์†Œ์•„ํฌ๊ท€์งˆํ™˜์˜ ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฐจ์›์˜ ์ง€์›์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ง„๋ฃŒ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์ด ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค.Introduction 1 Materials and Methods 3 Results 15 Discussion 39 Conclusion 47 References 48 Abstract in Korean 53๋ฐ•

    Multicenter Surveillance of Cystic Fibrosis in Korean Children

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    Purpose: Cystic fibrosis (CF), caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, is rare among non-Caucasians. We aimed to identify the clinical features and CFTR mutations in Korean children. Methods: We included 18 pediatric patients with CF diagnosed using sweat chloride test or genetic analysis for 30 years. HEK293 cells were transfected with wild-type CFTR, ฮ”F508-CFTR, and L441P-CFTR mutant plasmids for 24 hours and treated with CFTR correctors (VX809 and VX661). Results: The median age at diagnosis was 9.2 years. Eleven patients had growth retardation, and 6 had a respiratory failure at diagnosis. Genetic analysis was used for all patients, while sweat testing was for 8 patients. At diagnosis, the median z scores of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), FEV1/forced vital capacity, and forced expiratory flow at 25%-75% of forced vital capacity were -3.61 (-5.78, 1.78), -3.38 (-4.40, -0.60), and -4.45 (-5.78, 0.54), respectively. Two patients were treated with dornase alfa and only one with CFTR modulator. Patients were followed up for 3.7 years as a median. Four patients died at 10.6 years, with 4.2 years of post-diagnosis survival. The most common mutation was exon 16-17b deletion (19.4%). Among 11 single nucleotide variants, c.1322T>C (p.Leu441Pro, L441P) was detected in 4 patients. In the functional assay, L441P-CFTR correction was well restored by CFTR correctors compared with ฮ”F508. Conclusions: CF is extremely rare in Korean children and is caused by different mutations from those commonly observed in Caucasians. Early diagnosis and treatment availability may improve outcomes. CFTR modulators may be effective for Asian patients with rare CFTR mutations, c.1322T>C (p.Leu441Pro).ope

    Delayed-Onset Anaphylaxis Caused by IgE Response to Influenza Vaccination

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    Influenza vaccine-associated anaphylaxis is a very rare allergic reaction to vaccines, but the most concerning and life-threatening adverse reaction. Although the safety of influenza vaccines has been well documented, occasional cases of anaphylaxis in vaccinated patients have been reported. In this study, we analyzed the immunoglobulin E (IgE) response to whole influenza vaccines in a pediatric case of delayed-onset anaphylaxis after influenza vaccination. The patient showed elevated specific IgE levels against whole influenza vaccines, especially with split virion from egg-based manufacturing process. Specific IgE levels to influenza vaccines showed decreased over. We evaluated a causal relationship between influenza vaccine and anaphylaxis event by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Delayed-onset anaphylaxis after influenza vaccination can occur in children without predisposing allergic diseases. In addition, the results suggested that formulation and production system of influenza vaccines could affect the probability of severe allergic reaction to vaccines.ope

    Nutritional Intervention of a Pediatric Patient with Congenital Bronchomalacia and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: a Case Report

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    Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is closely related to respiratory issues. We reported the case about the nutrition intervention given to a male infant with congenital bronchomalacia, GERD, and recurrent pneumonia. During the first and second pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) stays, his nutrition status and nutrient intake were good. However, during the 18 days of the third PICU admission, his nutrient intake decreased to 75%-80% of his estimated calorie requirement and his Z-score for weight-for-age dropped to -1.4. We conducted nutritional interventions to improve GERD symptoms and nutritional status include avoiding overfeeding by feeding small amounts frequently, using a pre-thickened formula mixed with a high-calorie formula, and feeding through transpyloric tube. As a result, his daily nutrient intakes gradually increased and his Z-score for weight-for-age was normal. In conclusion, it is important to implement individualized intensive nutritional management to ensure adequate nutrition and growth status in infants with lung disease and GERD.ope

    Chitinase 3-Like 1 Contributes to Food Allergy via M2 Macrophage Polarization

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    Purpose: Food allergy is a hypersensitive immune response to specific food proteins. Chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1, also known as YKL-40 in humans or BRP-39 in mice) is associated with various chronic diseases, such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and allergic disease. CHI3L1 is involved in allergen sensitization and type 2 helper T (Th2) inflammation, but the role of CHI3L1 in food allergy remains unclear. In this study, we sought to investigate the role of CHI3L1 in the development of food allergy. Methods: We measured serum levels of CHI3L1 in food allergic patients. Food allergy was induced in wild-type (WT) and CHI3L1 null mutant (CHI3L1-/-) BALB/c mice with ovalbumin (OVA). We investigated Th2 immune responses, M2 macrophage polarization, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathways, and also performed transcriptome analysis. Results: Serum levels of CHI3L1 were significantly higher in children with food allergy compared with those in healthy controls. Furthermore, CHI3L1 expression levels were elevated in WT mice after OVA treatment. Food allergy symptoms, immunoglobulin E levels, Th2 cytokine production, and histological injury were attenuated in food allergy-induced CHI3L1-/- mice compared with those in food allergy-induced WT mice. CHI3L1 expression was increased in OVA-treated WT intestinal macrophages and caused M2 macrophage polarization. Furthermore, CHI3L1 was involved in the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) and AKT signaling pathways and was associated with immune response and lipid metabolism as determined through transcriptome analysis. Conclusions: CHI3L1 plays a pivotal role in Th2 inflammation and M2 macrophage polarization through MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT phosphorylation in food allergy.ope

    ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ฝ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ด€๋ จ ์ขํ˜€์ฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์–ดํœ˜ํ•™์Šต๊ณผ ๋…ํ•ด์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์™ธ๊ตญ์–ด๊ต์œก๊ณผ(์˜์–ด์ „๊ณต), 2015. 8. ์ด๋ณ‘๋ฏผ.L2 reading has been considered crucial in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) settings as a means to provide learners with plenty of language input. However, to assure successful L2 reading input, sufficient reading comprehension accompanied by well-developed vocabulary knowledge should be prerequisite (Grabe, 2009). Thus, to guide learners to become better L2 readers, researchers have come up with a number of reading treatments that facilitate learners vocabulary learning and reading comprehension. Considering the growing importance of L2 reading, the present study examined the effects of repeated reading (RR) and theme-based narrow reading (TBNR) on Korean EFL learners vocabulary learning and reading comprehension, using varying levels of texts. It also investigated how EFL learners perceive their engagements with repeated reading and theme-based narrow reading. To answer the studys questions, 99 Korean EFL middle school students were divided into two groupsone group received the RR treatment and the other group received the TBNR treatment. The RR group read the same text repeatedly while receiving the exact same input. On the other hand, the TBNR group read thematically related texts while receiving input repeated, but at the same time contextually different. In total, 15 individual reading sessions were implemented over 15 weeks, one of which had its own distinctive reading texts and pre/post-test vocabulary and reading comprehension sets. Three levels of texts were used for this study: texts within learners reading ability (low-level), texts slightly beyond learners reading ability (mid-level), texts far beyond learners reading ability (high-level). The data were analyzed by using repeated measures MANOVA followed by univariate mixed ANOVAs with post hoc analyses. The results of the current study have shown that TBNR was significantly more effective than RR in enhancing learners vocabulary knowledge as well as reading comprehension across all three levels of text. As for the relationship between reading treatment and text difficulty, the effects of RR and TBNR were correlated with text difficulty. Accordingly, the current study provides some evidence on which level of texts should be chosen for learners reading ability in relation to reading treatments. As for the learners perception of the reading treatment, the TBNR group generally had more favorable attitudes toward the reading treatment they received than the RR group. In regard to the findings of the current study, some pedagogical implication can be drawn for L2 teachers and learners. The present study suggests using RR and TBNR to make L2 reading input more comprehensible, not only with texts within learners reading ability, but also with text beyond learners reading ability. However, with its proved effectiveness, TBNR can be more highly recommended than RR for vocabulary learning and reading comprehension, especially when the text level is within learners reading ability. Lastly, given the need of providing learners with thematically related texts, the present study gives some suggestions for developing reading materials for TBNR.TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT i TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES vii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Purpose and Significance of the Study 1 1.2. Rationale of the Study 5 1.3. Research Questions 10 1.4. Organization of the Thesis 10 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 11 2.1. Theoretical Background of Repeated Reading and Narrow Reading 11 2.2. Effects of Repeated Reading in an L2 Context 14 2.3. Effects of Narrow Reading in an L2 Context 23 2.4. Text Difficulty for Repeated Reading and Narrow Reading 27 CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY 30 3.1. Participants 30 3.2. Materials 33 3.3. Procedure 40 3.4. Test Instruments 42 3.5. Scoring 45 3.6. Data Analysis 47 CHAPTER 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 49 4.1. Results 49 4.1.1. Effects of RR and TBNR on Vocabulary Learning and Reading Comprehension of Texts with Varying Levels of Text Difficulty 69 4.1.2. Learners Perceptions of RR and TBNR 64 4.2. Discussion 69 4.2.1. Effects of RR and TBNR on Vocabulary Learning and Reading Comprehension across the Three Levels of Texts 69 4.2.2. Effects of Text Difficulty on Vocabulary and Reading Comprehension Gains for RR and TBNR 75 4.2.3. Learners Perceptions of RR and TBNR 83 CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION 86 5.1. Summary of Findings and Implication 86 5.2. Limitation and Suggestions 91 REFERENCES 93 APPENDICES 100 ABSTRACT (KOREAN) 132Maste

    ํ•™๋ น๊ธฐ ์•„๋™์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์กฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‹ํ’ˆ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ(๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2013. 8. ์ •ํšจ์ง€.์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ : ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฒดํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ธ ์‹ ์ฒด์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ฒด์ค‘์กฐ์ ˆ ๋™๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์Šต๊ด€์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ•™๋ น๊ธฐ ์•„๋™์—์„œ ๋น„๋งŒ๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‹ ์ฒด์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์ธ์‹์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‹ํ’ˆ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์•„๋™์˜ ์˜์–‘๊ต์œก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จ์ฝ”์ž ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• : ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋„ B์‹œ ์†Œ์žฌ ์ผ๊ฐœ ์ข…ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์›์— ์ •๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ํ•™์ƒ๊ฒ€์ง„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‚ด์›ํ•œ ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต 1ํ•™๋…„๊ณผ 4ํ•™๋…„ ๋‚จ๋…€ ์•„๋™ 451๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ‚ค์™€ ์ฒด์ค‘์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹ ์ฒด์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ์†Œ์•„์šฉ ์‹ ์ฒด์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ์ค‘ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ž์‹ ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒดํ˜•๊ณผ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒดํ˜•์„ ๋ฌป๊ณ , 60๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์˜ ์‹ํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ํ’ˆ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„๋ฅผ 5๋‹จ๊ณ„ likert scale๋กœ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์ž…์‹ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•œ์†Œ์•„๊ณผํ•™ํšŒ์˜ ์ฒด์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ง€์ˆ˜์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ ๋น„๋งŒ๋„ ํผ์„ผํƒ€์ผ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 15 ํผ์„ผํƒ€์ผ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์€ ์ €์ฒด์ค‘๊ตฐ, 15-85 ํผ์„ผํƒ€์ผ์€ ์ •์ƒ์ฒด์ค‘๊ตฐ, 85 ํผ์„ผํƒ€์ผ ์ด์ƒ์€ ๋น„๋งŒ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹ ์ฒด์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์‹ํ’ˆ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„์™€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์†Œ์•„์šฉ ์‹ ์ฒด์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฒดํ˜•๊ณผ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒดํ˜•์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์Œ์˜ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ตฐ, 0์˜ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ตฐ, ์–‘์˜ ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์นด์ด์ œ๊ณฑ ๊ฒ€์ •๊ณผ t-test๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ด€๋ จ์š”์ธ ๋ฐ ์‹ํ’ˆ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ 451๋ช…์˜ ์•„๋™ ์ค‘ ๋น„๋งŒ์€ 27.1% ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋น„๋งŒ๋„์™€ ์•„๋™์˜ ํ•˜๋ฃจ ๊ฐ„์‹ํšŸ์ˆ˜, ์‹์š•์˜ ์ •๋„, ๋†€์ด์˜ ์ฃผ๋‹น ํšŸ์ˆ˜, ๊ทœ์น™์  ์šด๋™ ์œ ๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ €์ฒด์ค‘์˜ 52.4%๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ์ธ ์ฒดํ˜•์— ๋งŒ์กฑํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‘๋‹ตํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋น„๋งŒ๊ตฐ์€ 23.0%๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‘๋‹ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ €์ฒด์ค‘๊ณผ ์ •์ƒ ์ฒด์ค‘์ž„์—๋„ ์‚ด ๋นผ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‘๋‹ตํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 4.8%, 36.2%์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™๋…„๋ณ„ ์‹ ์ฒด์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜(P=0.115) ๋‚จ๋…€๊ฐ„ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด ์‹ํ’ˆ๊ตฐ ์ค‘ ๊ณผ์‹ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฑ„์†Œ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ €์ฒด์ค‘๊ตฐ์ด ๋น„๋งŒ๊ตฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ(P=0.074) ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ธ์Šคํ„ดํŠธ๋Š” ์ €์ฒด์ค‘๊ตฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น„๋งŒ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค(P=0.098). ์‚ด ๋นผ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ตฐ์ด ๊ณผ์‹ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋” ์„ ํ˜ธํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ(P=0.019) ์œก๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜, ์–ดํŒจ๋ฅ˜์—์„œ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„(P=0.362, P=0.550)๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ธ์Šคํ„ดํŠธ์—์„œ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„(P=0.195)๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  : ๋น„๋งŒํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ €์ฒด์ค‘์ด๋‚˜ ์ •์ƒ ์ฒด์ค‘์ž„์—๋„ ์‚ด์„ ๋นผ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‘๋‹ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋น„๋งŒ์ด๋ฉด์„œ ์‚ด์„ ๋นผ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Œ์—๋„ ์ฑ„์†Œ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ธ์Šคํ„ดํŠธ์˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„ ์•„๋™์˜ ์˜์–‘๊ต์œก ๋ฐ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์‹ ์ฒด์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์ •๋ฆฝ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ต์œก์„ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 5 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 9 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๊ณ  ์ฐฐ 32 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  39 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 40 ๋ถ€ ๋ก 45 Abstract 59Maste

    Face Validity Analysis of Revised English Proficiency Test for Aviation (EPTA) - Based on the Pilot's Flying Experience

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    The purpose of this study was to analyze the face validity of the revised EPTA (English Proficiency Test for Aviation) to see if the tests actually contribute to the enhancement of aviation safety and achieve the purpose of the assessment. In order to reach the above objectives, 103 pilot test takers were surveyed, and nine in-depth interviewees were selected and interviewed. In addition, detailed research results were derived by dividing the participants into the pilot's flight experience (31 captain pilots, 42 first officer pilots, and 30 general commercial pilots). As a result, pilot participants were generally aware that EPTA was more reasonable because the revised EPTA properly implemented the aviation situation and gave participants motivation to learn aviation English. It was also seen that first officer pilots had a higher face validity of EPTA than captain and general commercial pilots. The reason was that first officer pilots considered air traffic control job was more important than other pilots did.ope

    ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋ฌธํ™”์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์–ธ๋ก ์ •๋ณดํ•™๊ณผ, 2013. 8. ๊น€์€๋ฏธ.๋ฌธํ™”์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์†Œ๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ƒ์€ ๋ง‰์—ฐํ•œ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์™”๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ ์  ์„ฑํ–ฅ์ด ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์Œ์•… ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‚™๊ด€๋ก ์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ง„์ž… ์žฅ๋ฒฝ, ๊ฐ„์†Œํ™”๋œ ๊ฐ€์น˜์‚ฌ์Šฌ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํด๋ฆฌ(Napoli, 1999)์˜ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ ์ฐจ์› ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์ด ๋ณด์žฅ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹ค์งˆ์  ์†Œ๋น„๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š”๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‹ค์ฆ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋Š” ์ด์šฉ์ž์˜ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ƒ์Šน์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์ด์šฉ์ž๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์ด ์šฉ์ดํ•œ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  ์ค‘์—์„œ๋งŒ ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด์ธ ์Œ์•… ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์Œ์•…์„ ์†Œ๋น„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์ฐฝ๊ตฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ฌธํ™”์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ƒ์ง•์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง์  ๊ณ„์—ดํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์Œ์•… ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ๊ฒŒ์‹œ, ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‹ค์งˆ์  ์†Œ๋น„์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋‚˜ํด๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋…ธ์ถœ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ‹€ ์•ˆ์—์„œ 4๊ฐœ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์Œ์•… ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์šฐ์„  ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์ด ์†Œ๋น„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”๊ฐ€, ์–ด๋–ค ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ฒŒ์‹œ ๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„ ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ฐจํŠธ์— ์ง„์ž…๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‚˜, ๊ฒŒ์‹œ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์„ ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™”ํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ, ๋ฉ”์ธํŽ˜์ด์ง€ ์ƒ๋‹จ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‹จ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค, ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์Œ์›์ด ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์†Œ๋น„๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์Œ์› ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ง ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ๋กฑํ…Œ์ผ(Anderson, 2006)์˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋‚ดํฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋†’์€ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์„ ์ƒ์ง•ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”์ธํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ 4๊ฐœ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง์  ๊ณ„์—ดํ™” ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ ‘๊ทผ๊ณผ ๋…ธ์ถœ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์— ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ง์  ๊ณ„์—ดํ™” ์—ฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์žฅ๋ฅด์™€ ๊ธฐํš์‚ฌ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์—์„œ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋‚˜, ์œ ํ†ต์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„๊ณ„์—ดํ™”๋œ ๋ฒ…์Šค์™€ ๋„ค์ด๋ฒ„๋ฎค์ง์ด ์ˆ˜์ง์  ๊ณ„์—ดํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋ฉœ๋ก , ์— ๋„ท์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋†’์€ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒ์œ„ ์ ์œ ์œจ์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ ์žฅ๋ฅด์™€ ๊ธฐํš์‚ฌ, ์œ ํ†ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ, ์žฅ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋Œ„์Šค์™€ ๋ฐœ๋ผ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์—์„œ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฒŒ์‹œ์™€ ์†Œ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋œ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๊ธฐํš์‚ฌ, ์œ ํ†ต์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ„์—ดํ™”๋œ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฒŒ์‹œํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์€ ๋…ธ์ถœ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์—์„œ๋„ ์ ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ๊ณ„์—ด์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์†Œ๋น„๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ง ๊ณ„์—ดํ™”๋œ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋„ ๋Œ€์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ผ๊ฐ„์ฐจํŠธ ํ•˜์œ„๊ถŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์— ๋น„ํ•ด 4๊ฐœ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋น„๊ณ„์—ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์ด ๋”์šฑ ๋†’๊ฒŒ, ์ˆ˜์ง ๊ณ„์—ดํ™”๋œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ๋”์šฑ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ฐจํŠธ ํ•˜์œ„๊ถŒ์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์˜ ๊ธฐ์—… ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด๋‚˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋” ๋ฐ˜์˜์ ์ž„์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์—์„œ ์†์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ ‘๊ทผ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์™€ ์†Œ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค(Hargittai, 2003aHindman, 2007)์ด ์šฐ๋ คํ•œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์ธ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ์ˆ˜์ง์  ๊ณ„์—ดํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณ„์—ด์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์˜ ์ด‰์ง„์ด ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์ด ํ™•๋ณด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…ธ์ถœ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋ณด์žฅ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ(usability)๊ณผ ์ด์šฉ(use) ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์š”์†Œ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์ด ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์ด์šฉ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์‹ค์งˆ์  ์†Œ๋น„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๋ฌธํ™”์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ ‘๊ทผ๊ณผ ๋…ธ์ถœ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ 1 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜ 5 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ฌธํ™”์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ 5 1. ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ ๋…ธ์ถœ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ 5 2. ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ 9 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ฌธํ™”์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  ์‚ฐ์—…์—์„œ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง์  ๊ณ„์—ดํ™” 13 1. ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ™”์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 13 2. ์ˆ˜์ง์  ๊ณ„์—ดํ™”์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ 16 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ 21 1. ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์ƒ์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ 21 2. ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ™”์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์˜ ์†Œ๋น„ 25 3. ์ˆ˜์ง๊ณ„์—ดํ™”์™€ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ 27 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๊ฐ€์„ค 29 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 31 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ 31 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 34 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณ€์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธก์ • 35 1. ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์˜ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ™” 35 2. ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์˜ ์š”์†Œ 35 3. ๋…ธ์ถœ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์˜ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ™” 37 4. ์†Œ๋น„ 37 5. ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์˜ ์ธก์ • 38 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 40 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์Œ์•… ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ์Œ์›์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ 40 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ ‘๊ทผ๊ณผ ์†Œ๋น„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ 41 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ˆ˜์ง์  ๊ณ„์—ดํ™”์™€ ์ ‘๊ทผ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ 43 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์ˆ˜์ง์  ๊ณ„์—ดํ™”์™€ ๋…ธ์ถœ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ 46 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ํ•จ์˜ 49 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 58 ๋ถ€๋ก 70 Abstract 72Maste

    ํŒจํ˜ˆ์ฆ ๋น„๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ค๊ท ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ฒด ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฝƒ๊ฒŒ ๋‚ด ์ „์‚ฌ์ฒด ํŠน์„ฑ ๊ทœ๋ช… ๋ฐ ๊ณ„์ ˆ๊ณผ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ท ์ด ์กฐ์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋†์ƒ๋ช…๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2016. 8. ์ตœ์ƒํ˜ธ.Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus are gram-negative, motile, nonspore-forming opportunistic pathogens that causes foodborne illness associated with the consumption of contaminated seafood. Although many cases of foodborne outbreaks caused by V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus have been reported, the genomes of only few of them have been completely sequenced and analyzed using bioinformatics. In order to characterize overall virulence factors and pathogenesis of V. vulinificus and V. parahaemolyticus associated with foodborne outbreak in South Korea, new strains V. vulnificus FORC_016 and V. parahaemolyticus FORC_008 were isolated from blood of food-poisoning patient or flounder fish and their genome was completely sequenced. The genomic analysis of FORC_016 revealed that the genome consists of two circular DNA chromosomes, and contains 4,461 predicted open reading frames (ORFs), 129 tRNAs, and 34 rRNA genes. V. parahaemolyticus FORC_008 have two circular DNA chromosomes containing 4,494 predicted ORFs, 129 tRNAs, and 31 rRNA genes. The genomic analysis revealed that the V. vulnificus FORC_016 has major virulence genes such as RTX, cytolysin, and metalloprotases. Furthermore, comparative genome analysis identified unique virulence genes of FORC_016 strain, suggesting that this pathogen have unique pathogenesis mechanism which different from other V. vulnificus. While the strain FORC_008 does not have genes encoding thermo-stable direct hemolysin (TDH) and TDH-related hemolysin (TRH), its genome encodes many other virulence factors including hemolysins, pathogenesis-associated secretion systems, and iron acquisition systems, suggesting that it may be a potential pathogen. Subsequent cytotoxicity test of the strain FORC_008 revealed its high cytotoxicity activity, substantiating this. This report provides an extended understanding on V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus in genomic level and would be helpful for rapid detection, epidemiological investigation, and prevention of foodborne outbreak in South Korea. Because the foodborne illness occurs via consumption of contaminated food, it is important not only understanding of the virulence factors but also the transcriptome alteration of pathogens caused by contacting with foods. To identify differentially expressed genes of pathogen under contact with foods, V. vulnificus FORC_016, an opportunistic marine pathogen, was selected for the transcriptome analysis. Swimming crab, a common niche of V. vulnificus, was selected for the model foods. The transcriptomic profiles of V. vulnificus exposed or unexporsed to crab in 1 or 4h were analyzed using a strand-specific RNA-sequencing. By analyzing RPKM (reads per kilobase of transcript per million reads) fold changes of each gene, I identified that 922 and 648 genes were differentially expressed under exposure to crab for 1h and 4h (P value < 0.05, 2 fold threshold). Regardless of incubation time, the genes related with energy production, cell growth, oligopeptide transport, and glucose metabolism were up-regulated, while genes associated with amino acid biosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism, and other sugar metabolism were down-regulated. These result suggested that V. vulnificus could metabolize the component of crab. Also, the genes encoding thermolabile hemolysin was up-regulated, suggesting this virulence gene might be have crucial role for pathogenesis of V. vulnificus FORC_016 when consumed the V. vulnificus FORC_016 contaminated crab. The swimming crab, Portunus trituberculatus, is the most consumed edible crab in South Korea, and their production and consumption have been increased. Although the foodborne illness caused by consuming of swimming crab have been reported each year, the bacterial community in swimming crab has not been fully understood yet. In order to identify the bacterial members in swimming crab depending on seasons and locations, the microbiota in 65 crabs which were collected from different locations in spring and autumn was analyzed by pyrosequencing. The bacterial communities in autumn crab were more diverse in than those in spring. Psychrobacter, Vagococcus, and Carnobacterium were the most abundant genera in spring, whereas Roseovarius was predominant in autumn, but their proportions were influenced by the pathogenic bacterial proportion. These results indicated that the microbiota in swimming crab significantly influenced by seasonal temperature change. The proportion analysis on Vibrio species indicated that intake of crab could cause the foodborne illness. This study provides the extended understanding on composition of bacterial community in swimming crab and the factors influencing crab microbiome.Chapter I. Background 1 I-1. The genus Vibrio 2 I-2. Vibrio vulnificus 4 I-3. Vibrio parahaemolyticus 11 I-4. The objective of this study 15 Chapter II. Genomic Analysis of Newly Isolated Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus Related with Foodborne Outbreaks 17 II-1. Introduction 18 II-2. Materials and Methods 20 II-3. Results and Discussion 27 II-3-1. Information of candidates for whole genome sequencing (WGS) 27 II-3-2. Genome sequencing and assembly results 27 II-3-3. General genome properties of V. vulnificus FORC_016 and V. parahaemolyticus FORC_008 29 II-3-4. Comparative genome analysis . 36 II-3-5. Pathogenesis and virulence factors of V. vulnificus FORC_016 39 II-3-6. Pathogenesis and virulence factors of V. parahaemolyticus FORC_008 45 Chapter III. Transcriptome Analysis of Vibrio vulnificus in Response to Crab Exposure 48 III-1. Introduction 49 III-2. Materials and Methods 51 III-3. Results and Discussion 56 III-3-1. Identification of differentially expressed genes 56 III-3-2. Identification of differentially expressed genes under exposure to crab 63 III-3-3. Growth of V. vulnificus in VFMG and VFMG containing crabs 94 Chapter IV. Seasonal and Local Variation of Microbial Composition in Swimming Crab 96 IV-1. Introduction 97 IV-2. Materials and Methods 100 IV-3. Results 106 IV-3-1. The comparison of microbiota diversity in swimming crabs 106 IV-3-2. Composition analysis of seasonal bacterial communities in swimming crab 109 IV-3-3. Vibrio in swimming crab 117 IV-4. Discussion 119 IV-4-1. Seasonal and local effect on bacterial community in swimming crab 119 IV-4-2. Seasonal variation in bacterial community composition in swimming crab 121 Chapter V. Conclusion 129 References 133 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋ก 153Docto
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