New Insights into the Structure, Geology and Hydrocarbon Prospectivity along the Central-Northern Corona Ridge, Faroe-Shetland Basin

Acknowledgements This paper forms part of the lead author’s Ph.D. research conducted as part of the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Centre for Doctoral Training (CDT) in Oil and Gas at the University of Aberdeen. It is funded by the University of Aberdeen and sponsored by Total E&P UK Limited, whose support is gratefully acknowledged. PGS are thanked for the generous provision of the FSB MegaSurveyPlus seismic dataset to the Ph.D. project and also for permission to publish part of the dataset (Fig. 3). This paper contains information provided by the North Sea Transition Authority and/or other third parties. Seismic data used throughout this paper were purchased from the UK North Sea Transition Authority (NSTA) National Data Repository (NDR) portal. Well data used throughout this paper are freely available and can be downloaded from the UK NSTA NDR portal. Core photographs were obtained from the BGS Offshore well database. Seismic interpretation was undertaken using Schlumberger Petrel software and well log interpretation was performed using Schlumberger Techlog software, of which academic licenses were kindly provided by Schlumberger and are gratefully acknowledged. Thanks to Conrado Climent, Ole-Petter Hansen, Michael Hertle, Anders Madsen, and Stuart Archer for invaluable discussions during the lead author’s time spent working with TotalEnergies in Copenhagen. Thanks also to Christopher Bugg and Matthew Rowlands at TotalEnergies in Aberdeen. Reviewers Tony Doré, Peter Dromgoole and Clayton Grove are thanked for their detailed constructive reviews which improved this manuscript. The views held within this paper do not necessarily represent the views of Schlumberger, TotalEnergies and Ørsted. Funding: The University of Aberdeen (grant number: RT10121-14), Natural Environment Research Council Centre for Doctoral Training (CDT) in Oil and Gas (grant number: NE/M00578X/1) and Total E&P UK Limited. Principal award-recipient: Lucinda Kate Layfield.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Interactions between deep-water gravity flows and active salt tectonics

Behavior of sediment gravity flows can be influenced by seafloor topography associated with salt structures; this can modify the depositional architecture of deep-water sedimentary systems. Typically, salt-influenced deep-water successions are poorly imaged in seismic reflection data, and exhumed systems are rare, hence the detailed sedimentology and stratigraphic architecture of these systems remains poorly understood. The exhumed Triassic (Keuper) Bakio and Guernica salt bodies in the Basque–Cantabrian Basin, Spain, were active during deep-water sedimentation. The salt diapirs grew reactively, then passively, during the Aptian–Albian, and are flanked by deep-water carbonate (Aptian–earliest Albian Urgonian Group) and siliciclastic (middle Albian–Cenomanian Black Flysch Group) successions. The study compares the depositional systems in two salt-influenced minibasins, confined (Sollube basin) and partially confined (Jata basin) by actively growing salt diapirs, comparable to salt-influenced minibasins in the subsurface. The presence of a well-exposed halokinetic sequence, with progressive rotation of bedding, beds that pinch out towards topography, soft-sediment deformation, variable paleocurrents, and intercalated debrites indicate that salt grew during deposition. Overall, the Black Flysch Group coarsens and thickens upwards in response to regional axial progradation, which is modulated by laterally derived debrites from halokinetic slopes. The variation in type and number of debrites in the Sollube and Jata basins indicates that the basins had different tectonostratigraphic histories despite their proximity. In the Sollube basin, the routing systems were confined between the two salt structures, eventually depositing amalgamated sandstones in the basin axis. Different facies and architectures are observed in the Jata basin due to partial confinement. Exposed minibasins are individualized, and facies vary both spatially and temporally in agreement with observations from subsurface salt-influenced basins. Salt-related, active topography and the degree of confinement are shown to be important modifiers of depositional systems, resulting in facies variability, remobilization of deposits, and channelization of flows. The findings are directly applicable to the exploration and development of subsurface energy reservoirs in salt basins globally, enabling better prediction of depositional architecture in areas where seismic imaging is challenging

3D Seismic reflection evidence for lower crustal intrusions beneath the Faroe–Shetland Basin, NE Atlantic Margin

Lower crustal intrusion is considered to be a common process along volcanic or magma-rich passive margins, including the NE Atlantic Margin, where it is thought to have occurred during phases of Paleogene magmatism, both prior to and during continental break-up between NW Europe and Greenland. Evidence of Paleogene magmatism is prevalent throughout the sub-basins of the Faroe–Shetland Basin as extensive lava flows and pervasive suites of igneous intrusions. However, in contrast with other areas located along the NE Atlantic Margin, no lower crustal reflectivity indicative of lower crustal intrusion has been documented beneath the Faroe–Shetland Basin. The nearest documentation of lower crustal reflectivity and interpretation of lower crustal intrusion to the Faroe–Shetland Basin is NW of the Fugloy Ridge, beneath the Norwegian Basin of the Faroese sector. Despite this, the addition of magma within the lower crust and/or at the Mohorovičić discontinuity is thought to have played a part in Paleogene uplift and the subsequent deposition of Paleocene–Eocene sequences. Advances in sub-basalt seismic acquisition and processing have made significant improvements in facilitating the imaging of deep crustal structures along the NE Atlantic Margin. This study used broadband 3D seismic reflection data to map a series of deep (c. 14–20 km depth) high-amplitude reflections that may represent igneous intrusions within the lower crust beneath the central-northern Corona Ridge. We estimate that the cumulative thicknesses of the reflections may be >5 km in places, which is consistent with published values of magmatic underplating within the region based on geochemical and petrological data. We also estimate that the total volume of lower crustal high-amplitude reflections within the 3D dataset may be >2000 km3. 2D gravity modelling of a seismic line located along the central-northern Corona Ridge supports the interpretation of lower crustal intrusions beneath this area. This study provides evidence of a potential mechanism for Paleogene uplift within the region. If uplift occurred as a result of lower crustal intrusions emplaced within the crust during the Paleogene, then we estimate that c. 300 m of uplift may have been generated within the Corona Ridge area

Halokinetic modulation of sedimentary thickness and architecture: A numerical modelling approach

From Wiley via Jisc Publications RouterHistory: received 2021-02-12, rev-recd 2021-04-23, accepted 2021-04-27, pub-electronic 2021-07-03Article version: VoRPublication status: PublishedFunder: Natural Environment Research Council; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000270; Grant(s): NEM00578X/1Abstract: Subsurface salt flow can deform overlying strata and influence contemporaneous sedimentary systems. Studying salt‐sediment interactions is challenging in the subsurface due to poor imaging adjacent to salt, and in the field due to the dissolution of halite. Discrete Element Modelling provides an efficient and inexpensive tool to model stratigraphy and deformation around salt structures, which is advantageous over other modelling techniques as it realistically recreates brittle processes such as faulting. Six 2D experiments were run representing 4.6 Myr to determine the effect of salt growth on syn‐kinematic stratigraphy. Halokinetic deformation of stratigraphic architecture was assessed by varying sediment input rates through time. Results show the realistic formation and evolution of salt‐related faults which define a zone of halokinetic influence ca. 3 times the width of the initial diapir. Outside of this, early diapiric and syn‐kinematic stratigraphy are undeformed. Within this zone, syn‐kinematic strata are initially isolated into primary salt withdrawal basins, onlapping and thinning towards the salt‐cored high. In most models, syn‐kinematic strata eventually thin across and cover the diapir roof. Thinning rates are up to six times greater within 350 m of the diapir, compared to further afield, and typically decrease upwards (with time) and laterally (with distance) from the diapir. Outputs are compared to a subsurface example from the Pierce field, UK North Sea, which highlights the importance of considering local fluctuations in diapir rise rate. These can create stratigraphic architectures that may erroneously be interpreted to represent increases/decreases in sedimentation rate. Exposed examples, such as the Bakio diapir, northern Spain, can be used to make inferences of the expected depositional facies, below model resolution. Our models aid the prediction of sedimentary unit thickness and thinning rates and can be used to test interpretations arising from incomplete or low‐resolution subsurface and outcrop data when building geological models for subsurface energy

Early Quaternary sedimentary processes and palaeoenvironments in the central North Sea

A number of elongate trough-like features are observed in the early Quaternary succession of the central North Sea basin. A definitive model of formation for the features remains unclear but the troughs may aid in our understanding of the depositional environment of the early Quaternary. In total, 380 troughs were mapped over 11 000 km2 using continuous 3D seismic data and analysed in conjunction with well log data and understanding of the probable palaeogeographical context. The troughs were formed in a marine setting on the slope of a large clinoform set during a period of rapid progradation. The geometry and infill of the troughs, as well as the marine setting, strongly support a model of repeated density-driven downslope flows which excavate and then infill the troughs perpendicular to the strike of the slope. A subset of the troughs are observed to form parallel to the strike in such a way that cannot be easily explained by downslope processes alone. A number of possible models are considered for the formation of these along-slope troughs; here we conclude that the most likely scenario involves modification of the downslope flows by currents which divert the features along-slope while maintaining the erosive nature of the flow

Inter-seasonal compressed air energy storage using saline aquifers

Meeting inter-seasonal fluctuations in electricity production or demand in a system dominated by renewable energy requires the cheap, reliable and accessible storage of energy on a scale that is currently challenging to achieve. Commercially mature compressed-air energy storage could be applied to porous rocks in sedimentary basins worldwide, where legacy data from hydrocarbon exploration are available, and if geographically close to renewable energy sources. Here we present a modelling approach to predict the potential for compressed-air energy storage in porous rocks. By combining this with an extensive geological database, we provide a regional assessment of this potential for the United Kingdom. We find the potential storage capacity is equivalent to approximately 160% of the United Kingdom’s electricity consumption for January and February 2017 (77–96 TWh), with a roundtrip energy efficiency of 54–59%. This UK storage potential is achievable at costs in the range US$0.42–4.71 kWh−1

An integrated characterisation of the Paleocene Submarine Fan Systems (Lista and Maureen Formations) in the central Graben of the North Sea

The Paleocene submarine fans of the Central Graben represent important petroleum reservoir units recording the cyclic input of sand-rich turbidity flows into the post-rift basin. Provision of extensive seismic (a subset of ~l5000 km" of the PGS Central North Sea MegaSurvey), well (n = 549) and core (n = 28, totalling ~2760 feet/84l m) datasets by Shell UI Europe enabled a regional-scale re-evaluation of these deposits. This thesis presents new models illustrating the distribution and quality of the Maureen and Lista Formation sandstones and the syn- and post-depositional controls on these deposits. The Lista Formation sandstones occur within northwest (channelised, proximal, ~300 feet net) to southeast (sheet-like, distal, ~50 feet net) trending (axial) fans with western/eastern fairways and minor sidefan sedimentation (west/east). Four sand-rich to sand-poor facies are defined, with distinct grain size distributions. Mean grain size is the main control on porosity and permeability. Progradation occured between the Ll and L2 units with retrogradation in the L3. This variability, and internal porosity trends, is linked to global sea level change. Characterisation of the Maureen Formation sandstones is complicated by the presence of variable chalk facies derived from turbidite, debris flow and pelagic processes. However, these deposits can still be classified in a similar manner to the Lista Formation and exhibit similar spatial distributions, although the sandstones are thinner ~125 feet in the northwest to 25 feet in the southeast, suggesting that similar depositional controls were active. Sandstone quality is controlled by grain size (with calcitisation also important) although the porosity/permeability values are lower than in the Lista Formation. Progradation occured between the TlO and T20/30 sequences with retrogradation in the T35. The current MlIM2 divisions do not describe the complexity of this formation. The routing of the sandstones was defined by the relict graben structure with offset stacking an additional local control. Routing from the shelf to the basin was controlled by global sea level change. Although these systems are often labelled as basin floor fans they do not resemble classical examples, thanks to their confined nature.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo