Gradients of Taxonomic Diversity among Local Floras in the Russian Arctic

Latitudinal and longitudinal changes in taxonomic variables were analyzed in 319 local floras in the Russian Arctic. Within the studied segment of latitudinal gradient, most changes can be described in terms of linear regression with negative coefficients (a number of species, genera and families), or positive coefficients (a proportion of the leading families and genera). However, the mean number of species in a family or genus almost does not change with increasing latitude, although it slightly increases as one moves eastward. The proportion of monocots does not correlate with latitude, but slightly decreases as one moves eastward. Proportions of various families change asynchronously. Although correlation with longitude was less pronounced, mean species richness was specific to many subprovinces, even within a certain subzone. These differences reflect both the diversity of landscapes and the history of flora formation. Keywords: the Arctic, local floras, latitudinal and longitudinal gradient, floristic subprovince

Quantum Computing

Quantum mechanics---the theory describing the fundamental workings of nature---is famously counterintuitive: it predicts that a particle can be in two places at the same time, and that two remote particles can be inextricably and instantaneously linked. These predictions have been the topic of intense metaphysical debate ever since the theory's inception early last century. However, supreme predictive power combined with direct experimental observation of some of these unusual phenomena leave little doubt as to its fundamental correctness. In fact, without quantum mechanics we could not explain the workings of a laser, nor indeed how a fridge magnet operates. Over the last several decades quantum information science has emerged to seek answers to the question: can we gain some advantage by storing, transmitting and processing information encoded in systems that exhibit these unique quantum properties? Today it is understood that the answer is yes. Many research groups around the world are working towards one of the most ambitious goals humankind has ever embarked upon: a quantum computer that promises to exponentially improve computational power for particular tasks. A number of physical systems, spanning much of modern physics, are being developed for this task---ranging from single particles of light to superconducting circuits---and it is not yet clear which, if any, will ultimately prove successful. Here we describe the latest developments for each of the leading approaches and explain what the major challenges are for the future.Comment: 26 pages, 7 figures, 291 references. Early draft of Nature 464, 45-53 (4 March 2010). Published version is more up-to-date and has several corrections, but is half the length with far fewer reference

Thermal Properties of Graphene, Carbon Nanotubes and Nanostructured Carbon Materials

Recent years witnessed a rapid growth of interest of scientific and engineering communities to thermal properties of materials. Carbon allotropes and derivatives occupy a unique place in terms of their ability to conduct heat. The room-temperature thermal conductivity of carbon materials span an extraordinary large range - of over five orders of magnitude - from the lowest in amorphous carbons to the highest in graphene and carbon nanotubes. I review thermal and thermoelectric properties of carbon materials focusing on recent results for graphene, carbon nanotubes and nanostructured carbon materials with different degrees of disorder. A special attention is given to the unusual size dependence of heat conduction in two-dimensional crystals and, specifically, in graphene. I also describe prospects of applications of graphene and carbon materials for thermal management of electronics.Comment: Review Paper; 37 manuscript pages; 4 figures and 2 boxe

LOCAL FLORA OF THE MATYISALE CAPE SURROUNDINGS IS THE ONLY PART OF THE GYDANSKY STATE RESERVE STUDIED BY BOTANISTS IN DETAIL

Local flora of the Matyisale Cape surroundings had been studied in detail before the Gydansky State Reserve was organized and since then it is the only complete botanical survey within the reserve territory. It numbers 149 species, 66 genera and 27 families. Flora is typical for the southern arctic tundra subzone both by its taxonomic and geographical structure and species composition. Many arctic species which are spread throughout the Taimyr Peninsula, in Gydansky are present only in the southern arctic tundra subzone.Полевые исследования проводились в рамках плановой темы Лаборатории растительности Крайнего Севера БИН РАН. Подготовка тезисов выполнена при поддержке Российского фонда фундаментальных исследований (проект № 16-44-890088)

The dinamics of vegetation cover and the dept of seasonal thawing in the typical tundra of central Yamal under technogenic impact

В статье представлены результаты изучения динамики растительного покрова и глубины сезонного протаивания при техногенном воздействии в зоне распространения многолетнемерзлых пород, в частности, в подзоне типичных тундр. Продолжено изучение нарушений растительного покрова и глубины протаивания в результате проездов вездеходной техники на Центральном Ямале, начатое в 1991 г. в связи с активным освоением газовых месторождений и изысканиями под строительство железной дороги. В результате полевых наблюдений в 2012 г. проезды техники были объединены в три группы согласно степени нарушенности: со слабым, средним и сильным воздействием. Проанализировано современное состояние ранее исследованных проездов, в настоящее время преимущественно не используемых. Отмечено хорошее зарастание старого коридора движения на всех участках и восстановление сообществ, близких исходным, или их замещение более гидрофильным типом. Современные колеи в зависимости от интенсивности воздействия преимущественно зарастают пионерными злаково-осоковыми группировками. Увеличение глубины протаивания в колеях проезда связано как с интенсивностью использования проезда, так и с замещением фонового растительного покрова с высоким видовым разнообразием и высокой долей кустарников и мхов преимущественно осоковыми сообществами.The article presents the results of the study of the dynamics of vegetation cover and the depth of seasonal thawing under technogenic impact in permafrost zone, particularly in the typical tundra subzone. The study of vegetation cover and depth of thawing disturbance after off-road vehicles movement at Central Yamal is continued. The study was started in 1991 due to active gas field development and location surveys for railway construction in this area. After 2012 field survey and measurements vehicle tracks were subdivided into 3 groups according to the degree of disturbance: with low, neutral and high technogenic impact. The current state of previously investigated vehicle tracks which are mainly not in use now is analyzed. Good recovery of old vehicle tracks is registered on all sites and the recovered communities are similar to the original ones or they are replaced by more hydrophilic type. Recent tracks are re-vegetating by grass-sedge pioneering groups depending on the intensity of the impact. The increase of thawing depth in the vehicle tracks is connected both with the intensity of impact and with the replacement of the typical vegetation cover with high species diversity and a high cover of shrubs and mosses by mainly sedge communities

ALIEN SPECIES OF AMERICAN ORIGIN IN FLORA OF THE YAMAL-NENETS AUTONOMOUS DISTRICT (RUSSIA, TYUMEN REGION)

The report provides information on the species composition and distribution patterns of the ten alien species in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District (Russia, Tyumen Oblast): Chenopodium pratericola Rydb., Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Cosmos bipinnatus Cav., Galinsoga parviflora Cav., Helianthus annuus L., Helianthus tuberosus L., Lepidotheca suaveolens (Pursh) Nutt., Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., Solanum tuberosum L. Their natural ranges are in North or South America. In the north of Western Siberia, these species penetrate with agricultural cargo and are settle in anthropogenic habitats. All listed species are found and collected in the settlements of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District.Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Российского фонда фундаментальных исследований (проект №16-44-890088), полевые исследования – частично при поддержке Департамента по науке и инновациям Ямало-Ненецкого автономного округа (Госконтракт от 25 июля 2012 года № 01-15/4)

Environment, vegetation and greenness (NDVI) along the North America and Eurasia Arctic transects

Environment, vegetation and greenness (NDVI) along the North America and Eurasia Arctic transects This article has been downloaded from IOPscience. Please scroll down to see the full text article. 2012 Environ. Res. Lett. 7 01550

The 2021 Magnonics Roadmap

Magnonics is a budding research field in nanomagnetism and nanoscience that addresses the use of spin waves (magnons) to transmit, store, and process information. The rapid advancements of this field during last one decade in terms of upsurge in research papers, review articles, citations, proposals of devices as well as introduction of new sub-topics prompted us to present the first roadmap on magnonics. This is a collection of 22 sections written by leading experts in this field who review and discuss the current status besides presenting their vision of future perspectives. Today, the principal challenges in applied magnonics are the excitation of sub-100 nm wavelength magnons, their manipulation on the nanoscale and the creation of sub-micrometre devices using low-Gilbert damping magnetic materials and its interconnections to standard electronics. To this end, magnonics offers lower energy consumption, easier integrability and compatibility with CMOS structure, reprogrammability, shorter wavelength, smaller device features, anisotropic properties, negative group velocity, non-reciprocity and efficient tunability by various external stimuli to name a few. Hence, despite being a young research field, magnonics has come a long way since its early inception. This roadmap asserts a milestone for future emerging research directions in magnonics, and hopefully, it will inspire a series of exciting new articles on the same topic in the coming years