On Burenkov's extension operator preserving Sobolev-Morrey spaces on Lipschitz domains

We prove that Burenkov's Extension Operator preserves Sobolev spaces built on general Morrey spaces, including classical Morrey spaces. The analysis concerns bounded and unbounded open sets with Lipschitz boundaries in the n-dimensional Euclidean space.Comment: To appear in Mathematische Nachrichte

Development of a strategy to induce RNA-silencing in squash against virus diseases by genetic transformation

5 Summary Viral diseases of Cucurbits are an important limitation in the production of the crop. Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) and Watermelon mosaic virus-2 (WMV-2) are the most important squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) infecting viruses. Mixed infections with these viruses are deleterious for cucurbitaceous plants leading annually to significant yield losses world wide. All varieties of economical importance are susceptible for these viruses and classical breeding did not yield resistance. Therefore, a transgenic approach was chosen to induce resistance against both viruses by post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Highly conserved regions in the coat protein genes of ZYMV and WMV-2 were chosen to establish an inverted repeat construct. This construct was cloned into binary vector under control of the 35S promoter. Embryogenic callus was induced from different organs of three squash cultivars as target tissues for Agrobacterium transformation. The embryogenic callus was developed within 13-20 weeks incubation on MS medium containing different plant growth regulator combinations of auxin and cytokinin. Induction of embryogenesis in different explants ranged from 5 to 100 % depending on the organ and genotype used. Efficiency of embryo maturation, conversion and germination into entire plants from squash embryogenic callus was found to be callus age depended. Regeneration with young (2 months old) material was efficient, whereas regeneration of material maintained under in vitro conditions for more than 2 years was not possible. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of squash embryogenic callus was established using transient GUS-gene expression. The highest transformation efficiency was obtained with the supervirulent ATHV strain, bacterial density of 0.85, washing procedure of the embryogenic material prior to Agrobacterium co-culture, application of 1 mM Acetosyringone in induction medium and sub-culturing of embryogenic callus on fresh MS medium 5-9 days prior co-culturing with the Agrobacterium. Selection strategy was optimized using GFP as reporter gene. For the genotype CX3006 300 mg/l Kanamycin showed the highest number of green areas but most efficient selection agent was Paromomycin 150 mg/l. For the genotype Dundoo 200 mg/l Paromomycin was the effective selection agent and showed the highest number of green areas. Selection of transformed calli could be efficient with the used selection agents but regeneration of transgenic plant was not possible because the old material was only one to be used for transformation experiments. It seems that these old materials may have lost their competency when they were maintained for long term in tissue culture. Therefore, the functionality of the inverted repeat construct was evaluated in Nicotiana benthamiana as a model plant. Transgenic lines were analyzed by PCR, Southern blot analysis and segregation analysis of T1 offspring. The transgene-induced PTGS in transgenic lines was confirmed by infiltration of GFP-sensor constructs containing viral derived sequences as silencing target and /or a construct containing the p19 silencing suppressor. In all transgenic lines tested, GFP fluorescence in infiltrated leaves was extinguished three days post-infection with GFP-sensor constructs. In contrast, all transgenic lines showed GFP fluorescence in infiltrated leaves when GFP-sensor constructs were co-infiltrated with a binary vector containing the viral silencing suppressor p19. With this work, tools have been developed to engineer virus resistance in squash. Using the optimized Agrobacterium-mediated transformation procedure together with the efficient RNA-silencing of the inverted inverted repeat construct and freshely induced embryogenic material it is quite possible to establish virus resistance in squash.6 Zusammenfassung Virusbefall verursacht beim Zucchini-Anbau weltweit einen großen wirtschaftlichen Schaden. Früchte von virusinfizierten Pflanzen weisen mosaikähnliche Verfärbungen und schwerwiegende Deformationen auf, Pflanzen sind gestaucht und Blätter deformiert. Von den verschiedenen Viren, die weltweit für den Befall von Zucchini und anderen Cucurbitaceaen verantwortlich sind, gehören ZYMV und WMV-2 zu den bedeutendsten. Die konventionelle Züchtung konnte zwar bereits virustolerante Sorten hervorbringen, diese können jedoch Mischinfektionen oder der Befall von aggressiven Stämmen der o. g. Viren auf dem Felde nicht standhalten. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde daher ein transgene Strategie gewählt, um mittels ?Post Transkriptionales Gen Silencing? Resistenzen gegen ZYMV und WMV-2 in Zucchini zu induzieren. Für die Herstellung eines ?Inverted Repeat?-Konstrukts wurden hochkonservierte Sequenzbereiche aus den Hüllproteinen des ZYMV und des WMV-2 verwendet. Das Konstrukt wurde unter Kontrolle des 35S Promotors in einen binären Vektor kloniert. Als Ausgangsmaterial für die Agrobacterium-vermittelte Transformation von Zucchini wurde somatisch embryogener Kallus ausgewählt. Nach 13 bis 20 Wochen Inkubation auf hormonhaltigem Medium konnte an verschiedenen Explantaten bei allen 3 verwendeten Zucchini Genotypen embryogener Kallus induziert werden. Je nach verwendetem Explantat und Genotypen wurde eine Effizienz der Embryogenese von 5 bis 100% festgestellt. Die Reifung der somatischen Embryonen und ihre Konversion zu Pflanzen zeigten sich als stark abhängig vom Alter des embryogenen Kallus. Die Reifung und Konversion von frisch induziertem embryogenem Material war sehr effizient. Nach einer 2 jährigen Erhaltungsphase unter in vitro ?Bedingungen war eine Reifung und Konversion jedoch nicht mehr möglich. Die Agrobacterium-vermittelte Transformation von embryogenem Kallus wurde mit Hilfe der transienten Expression des GUS-Gens etabliert. Die höchste transiente Expression konnte bei Anwendung folgender Parameter erreicht werden: Verwendung des supervirulenten Agrobacterium-Stamms ATHV, optische Dichte von 0,85 der Bakteriensuspension, Waschbehandlung des embryogenen Materials vor der Cokultur, die Applikation von 1 mM Acetosyringon während der Cokultur und einer Vorkulturphase von 5-9 Tagen vor der Cokultur. Die Optimierung der Selektion von transformierten Zellen wurde mit Hilfe des GFP-Reportergens durchgeführt. Für den Genotypen CX3006 zeigte eine Kanamycin-Konzentration von 300 mg/l die größte Zahl von GFP-positiven Bereichen, jedoch war die Selektion mit Paramomycin am effizientesten, da nur eine Konzentration von 150 mg/l benötigt wurde. Für den Genotypen Dundoo erwies sich Paramomycin in einer Konzentration von 200 mg/l als effizientestes Selektionsmittel. Obwohl gezeigt werden konnte, dass die Selektion von transformierten embryogenen Zellen möglich ist, konnte während dieser Arbeit keine transgenen Zucchinipflanzen regeneriert werden, da für die Transformationsexperimente bedauerlicherweise nur auf altes embryogenes Kallusmaterial zurückgegriffen werden konnte, das während der langen Erhaltungskulturphase die Kompetenz zur Regeneration verloren hat. Die Funktionalität des ?Inverted Repeat?-Konstrukts wurde in der Modellpflanze Nicotiana benthamiana nachgewiesen. Transgene N. benthamiana-Pflanzen wurde mit PCR, Southern Blot Analyse untersucht und die Aufspaltung in der T1-Generation überprüft. Bei allen untersuchten Linien konnte PTGS in Infiltrationsexperimenten gezeigt werden. Hierbei wurden GFP-Sensorkonstrukte allein bzw-. in Kombination mit einem P19-Konstrukt infiltriert. In allen Linien konnte nach Infiltration der Sensorkonstrukte keine GFP-Fluoreszenz beobachtet werden, hingegen führte eine kombinierte Infiltration der Sensorkonstrukte mit dem P19 Supressor bei allen Linien zu einer starken GFP-Fluoreszenz. Mit dieser Arbeit konnte die Vorraussetzung für die Herstellung von virusresistentem Zucchinimaterial geschaffen werden. Mit Hilfe des etablierten Protokoll für die Agrobacterium-vermittelte Transformation von embryogenen Zucchinizellen und dem funktionellen ?Inverted Repeat?-Konstrukt besteht die Möglichkeit, in Zukunft ausgehend von frisch induziertem embryogenem Kallus transgene virusresistente Zucchinipflanzen erzeugt zu erzeugen

Global Regularity for the ∂

Let M be a C∞ compact CR manifold of CR-codimension l≥1 and CR-dimension n-l in a complex manifold X of complex dimension n≥3. In this paper, assuming that M satisfies condition Y(s) for some s with 1≤s≤n-l-1, we prove an L2-existence theorem and global regularity for the solutions of the tangential Cauchy-Riemann equation for (0,s)-forms on M

A STUDY OF EFFECT OF REINFORCING FIBERS DIRECTION FOR THE POLYMER COMPOSITES ON THE THERMAL CHARACTERIZATION USING COMPUTER MODELING

ABSTRACT:The study was created using "ANSYS 5.4" the Physical CAD tool to find out the effect of fiber direction on thermal characterization for tow types of the polymer composites. One was the epoxy reinforced with Glass fibers composite (EGF), the other was the Polyester reinforced by the same type of fibers (PGF). The fibers angled with tow angles 00 and 450 with pivot of each type of the composites. The loads and boundary conditions (B.C) was applied as different temperatures. The study included temperature distribution, thermal flux and thermal gradient in which obtained directly from the package. The thermal conductivity withal was calculated from the results. The analysis showed that the temperature distribution is almost constant for all models, the thermal flux was 1743 (J/S.m2) for the EGF composites with 00 and 1494 (J/S.m2) for the 450, thermal gradient was 3134 (K0/m) for 0 0 and 4187 (K0/m) for 45 0. For PGF composites the values of thermal flux was 1799 (J/S.m2) for 00 and 1505 (J/S.m2) for 450, the thermal gradient was 3112 (K0/m) for the 00 and 4187 (K0/m) for 450. Thermal conductivity obtained from the previous results and the highest value was 0.578 (W/K0.m) for PGF 00, followed by 0.556 (W/K0.m) for EGF with the same angle of fibers. Other hand the other composites EGF and PGF with 45 0 had a lower values for thermal conductivity which were both about 0.36 (W/K0.m), for that reason we conclude that the last tow types (with 450 angle) were preferred to use in applications as water tanks or other thermal insulation systems

Biology and biological control potential of bethylid wasps

This thesis presents a series of experiments on the evolutionary ecology of the reproduction, behaviour, chemical and molecular characteristics of bethylid wasps in the genus Goniozus. Part One investigates host quality by varying host age after paralysis. The quality of paralyzed hosts declines with time since paralysis negatively influences life-history characteristics of Goniozus nephantidis. Assessment of host metabolomic profiles show which chemicals change as hosts age. Part Two investigates the effect of kin recognition on contest behaviour among adult females ofGoniozus legneri. Competitive behaviour was thus used to study the basis of kin recognition mechanisms. Wasps that are genetic kin and wasps that are reared on the same host behave less aggressively towards each other than do non-kin and nonhostmates. It is likely that cuticular hydrocarbon profiles are used by wasps in kin recognition. The environmental and genetic influences on wasp cuticular hydrocarbon profiles were explored: chemical composition differed according to both wasp species and host species. Part Three investigates genetic characteristics of Goniozus legneri populations on kin recognition behaviour. A molecular genetic marker system was developed for Goniozus species. Microsatellites showed clear polymorphism in six primer pairs and are likely to be a valuable tool in the future for closely related species. One of these markers was utilized to assess sex allocation at oviposition, thus avoiding potentially biasing influences of developmental mortality. Developmental mortality does not differ between the sexes but mortality increased, sex ratio variance across offspring groups and can obscure relationships between sexual composition andg roup size that are present at oviposition. A tendency for Goniozus legneri to lay male and female eggs in spatial separation was also observed. Although the focus of these studies is on fundamental aspects of bethylid biology, advances in all of these areas have potential to enhance the deployment of these parasitoids in biological pest control

Evaluation of biodegradable polyester-co-lactone microparticles for protein delivery.

Abstract Poly(glycerol adipate-co-ω-pentadecalactone) (PGA-co-PDL) was previously evaluated for the colloidal delivery of α-chymotrypsin. In this article, the effect of varying polymer molecular weight (MW) and chemistry on particle size and morphology; encapsulation efficiency; in vitro release; and the biological activity of α-chymotrypsin (α-CH) and lysozyme (LS) were investigated. Microparticles were prepared using emulsion solvent evaporation and evaluated by various methods. Altering the MW or monomer ratio of PGA-co-PDL did not significantly affect the encapsulation efficiency and overall poly(1,3-propanediol adipate-co-ω-pentadecalactone) (PPA-co-PDL) demonstrated the highest encapsulation efficiency. In vitro release varied between polymers, and the burst release for α-CH-loaded microparticles was lower when a higher MW PGA-co-PDL or more hydrophobic PPA-co-PDL was used. The results suggest that, although these co-polyesters could be useful for protein delivery, little difference was observed between the different PGA-co-PDL polymers and PPA-co-PDL generally provided a higher encapsulation and slower release of enzyme than the other polymers tested

Biology and biological control potential of bethylid wasps

This thesis presents a series of experiments on the evolutionary ecology of the reproduction, behaviour, chemical and molecular characteristics of bethylid wasps in the genus Goniozus. Part One investigates host quality by varying host age after paralysis. The quality of paralyzed hosts declines with time since paralysis negatively influences life-history characteristics of Goniozus nephantidis. Assessment of host metabolomic profiles show which chemicals change as hosts age. Part Two investigates the effect of kin recognition on contest behaviour among adult females ofGoniozus legneri. Competitive behaviour was thus used to study the basis of kin recognition mechanisms. Wasps that are genetic kin and wasps that are reared on the same host behave less aggressively towards each other than do non-kin and nonhostmates. It is likely that cuticular hydrocarbon profiles are used by wasps in kin recognition. The environmental and genetic influences on wasp cuticular hydrocarbon profiles were explored: chemical composition differed according to both wasp species and host species. Part Three investigates genetic characteristics of Goniozus legneri populations on kin recognition behaviour. A molecular genetic marker system was developed for Goniozus species. Microsatellites showed clear polymorphism in six primer pairs and are likely to be a valuable tool in the future for closely related species. One of these markers was utilized to assess sex allocation at oviposition, thus avoiding potentially biasing influences of developmental mortality. Developmental mortality does not differ between the sexes but mortality increased, sex ratio variance across offspring groups and can obscure relationships between sexual composition andg roup size that are present at oviposition. A tendency for Goniozus legneri to lay male and female eggs in spatial separation was also observed. Although the focus of these studies is on fundamental aspects of bethylid biology, advances in all of these areas have potential to enhance the deployment of these parasitoids in biological pest control

دراسة أسباب تضيقات الإحليل الرضحية عند الذكور

  الهدف: تحديد أسباب تضيقات الإحليل الرضحية وخاصة المسببة بالرضوض الطبية الطرائق: تألفت عينة الدراسة من (120) مريضا" لديهم تضيق إحليل  بسيب رضحي. تم توزيع المرضى إلى مجموعتين: المجموعة الأولى :رضوح خارجية المجموعة الثانية: علاجية المنشأ وتم توزيعهم إلى خمس مجموعات ( تركيب قثطرة, تنظير مثانة, إصلاح الإحليل التحتي, استئصال الموثة البسيط أو الجذري, تجريف عبر الاحليل.). النتائج: بلغ متوسط العمر 46 سنة . التضيقات المسببة برضح داخلي ( 76.6% )  بينما الرضوح الخارجية (23.33%). التجريف عبر الاحليل(40%) ووتركيب القثطرة (34%) هي أشيع الأجراءات الطبية المسببة لتضيق الاحليل. في تضيقات الإحليل الأمامي الأسباب العلاجية هي الأشيع بينما تضيقات الإحليل الخلفي الرضية هي الأشيع. أشيع مسببات تضيق الإحليل الأمامي العلاجية هي التجريف عبر الإحليل وأشيع أسباب تضييقات الإحليل الخلفي العلاجية هي استئصال الموثة. تحدث التضيقات العلاجية في المرضى فوق 45 سنة بينما التضيقات الرضية (الخارجية)  في المرضى الأصغر من 45. في المرضى أكبر من 45 سنة أشيع الأسباب الطبية هي التجريف عبر الاحليل بينما في المرضى الأقل من 45 كانت القثطرة وإصلاح الإحليل التحتي. . الخلاصة: الأسباب العلاجية أشيع أسباب تضيق الإحليل وخاصة التجريف عبر الإحليل وتركيب القثطرة .وتختلف المسببات حسب العمر وحسب  مواقع التضييق.  

دراسة أسباب تضيقات الإحليل الرضحية عند الذكور

  الهدف: تحديد أسباب تضيقات الإحليل الرضحية وخاصة المسببة بالرضوض الطبية الطرائق: تألفت عينة الدراسة من (120) مريضا" لديهم تضيق إحليل  بسيب رضحي. تم توزيع المرضى إلى مجموعتين: المجموعة الأولى :رضوح خارجية المجموعة الثانية: علاجية المنشأ وتم توزيعهم إلى خمس مجموعات ( تركيب قثطرة, تنظير مثانة, إصلاح الإحليل التحتي, استئصال الموثة البسيط أو الجذري, تجريف عبر الاحليل.). النتائج: بلغ متوسط العمر 46 سنة . التضيقات المسببة برضح داخلي ( 76.6% )  بينما الرضوح الخارجية (23.33%). التجريف عبر الاحليل(40%) ووتركيب القثطرة (34%) هي أشيع الأجراءات الطبية المسببة لتضيق الاحليل. في تضيقات الإحليل الأمامي الأسباب العلاجية هي الأشيع بينما تضيقات الإحليل الخلفي الرضية هي الأشيع. أشيع مسببات تضيق الإحليل الأمامي العلاجية هي التجريف عبر الإحليل وأشيع أسباب تضييقات الإحليل الخلفي العلاجية هي استئصال الموثة. تحدث التضيقات العلاجية في المرضى فوق 45 سنة بينما التضيقات الرضية (الخارجية)  في المرضى الأصغر من 45. في المرضى أكبر من 45 سنة أشيع الأسباب الطبية هي التجريف عبر الاحليل بينما في المرضى الأقل من 45 كانت القثطرة وإصلاح الإحليل التحتي. . الخلاصة: الأسباب العلاجية أشيع أسباب تضيق الإحليل وخاصة التجريف عبر الإحليل وتركيب القثطرة .وتختلف المسببات حسب العمر وحسب  مواقع التضييق.  

Correlation between Gene Polymorphisms of Prostaglandin D Receptor and Severity of Asthma in Children

Background: Patients, their families and the community suffer a heavy burden when it comes to asthma because it is both common and possibly life-threatening. It has been postulated that arachidonic acid's most prevalent cyclooxygenase metabolite, prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), is a mast cell activation marker in asthma. Objective: To evaluate association between PGDR-441 polymorphism with risk factors, laboratory characteristics, and severity of asthma in children. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, Forty Egyptian children were genotyped using allele specific polymerase chain reaction (AS-PCR) to assess single nucleotide polymorphism of PTGDR2 receptors. Selected cases were classified according to GINA guidelines and spirometrically assessed to evaluate pulmonary functions. Results: There is significant difference between mild, moderate and severe asthma regarding total IgE level(P1<0.001). 68.0% of the studied patients had Homogenous PGDR2(TT) and 32% had Heterozygous PGDR2(TC). There were no statistically significant associations between PGDR2 Polymorphisms and both of asthma risk factors and laboratory characteristics. There was a statistically significant difference between PGDR2 Polymorphisms and bronchial asthma severity of the studied patients. Heterozygous PGDR2 was associated with more severe bronchial asthma. Conclusion: Our study showed a strong relationship between polymorphism of PTGDR2 receptor and severity of bronchial asthma