9 research outputs found
THE DETERMINANTS OF THE SCIENCE-BASED CLUSTER GROWTH: THE CASE OF NANOTECHNOLOGIES
There is growing academic and policy interests in the factors that underpin the formation and the growth of clusters, especially for such âhyped up' scientific and technological fields as the nanotechnologies. This paper analyses the determinants of scientific cluster growth (measured by the number of publications that emanate there from), distinguishing between structural effects (i.e. initial cluster size, scientific field composition and geographic location) on the one hand and its scientific variety, organizational diversity and degree of openness (in terms of collaboration with outside actors) on the other. Overall, scientific variety enhances clusters growth, but organizational diversity slows it down. However, patterns of growth are different in Asia, Europe and North America. It seems that cluster evolution is highly contingent on national systems of innovation and on the history of collaboration amongst local actors. Policy makers and cluster strategists must design specific policies by zone, and should not simply attempt to replicate best practices from one zone to another. Slow growth may reflect also âelitist' strategies - those based on quality rather than on numberscluster growth; nanotechnology; scientific district; publication
LARGE PLAYERS IN THE NANOGAME: DEDICATED NANOTECH SUBSIDIARIES OR DISTRIBUTED NANOTECH CAPABILITIES?
Nanotechnologies are reshaping the boundaries between industries, combining two aspects of innovation â both enhancing competences based on cumulative knowledge and experience and destroying competences by forcing the renewal of the firm's knowledge base. To analyze how worldwide R&D leaders adapt to this new technology, we conduct an econometric analysis of about 3,000 subsidiaries of the largest R&D spenders. We find that large groups are creating medium size subsidiary companies to explore nanotechnologies. Knowledge circulates mostly amongst subsidiaries within the same group and scientific clusters do not affect their involvement in nanotechnologies. Nanotechnologies remain marginal within these subsidiaries' knowledge bases and are distributed within corporate groups, stimulating recombination between nanotechnology and other technologiesincumbent; inflexibility; hybridization; nanotechnology; pre-adaptation
« Demand-Pull » or « Technology-Push »
Cette thĂšse sâinscrit au croisement de plusieurs domaines de la recherche Ă©conomique de lâinnovation. Notre dĂ©marche fait appel Ă des rĂ©sultats empiriques issus de lâĂ©conomĂ©trie de lâinnovation. Pour Ă©tudier la relation entre innovation et demande, lâoutil le plus adaptĂ© nous semble ĂȘtre le modĂšle de la croissance endogĂšne fondĂ© sur lâinnovation par opposition au modĂšle de la croissance exogĂšne. La nature et la direction de cette relation ont Ă©tĂ© explorĂ©es par diffĂ©rents courants Ă©conomiques qui peuvent ĂȘtre classĂ©s selon deux grandes Ă©coles. Les premiers sont les tenants de la thĂšse dite de la poussĂ©e technologique de lâinnovation (« Technology-Push Innovation ») que lâon peut considĂ©rer trĂšs globalement comme « tirĂ©s » par les travaux de Joseph Schumpeter. Les seconds sont les tenants de lâapproche dite de lâimpulsion par la demande de lâinnovation (« Demand-Pull Innovation ») dont les travaux pionniers ont Ă©tĂ© baptisĂ©s par Jacob Schmookler. Les travaux de Kleinknecht et Verspagen (1990) nous ont fortement inspirĂ© pour dĂ©marrer cette thĂšse. Notre dĂ©marche constitue un prolongement et une complexification de leur analyse. En effet, lâobjectif de cette thĂšse est double : monter que la relation entre innovation et demande nâest pas unidirectionnelle et, ce constat vĂ©rifiĂ©, examiner la possibilitĂ© dâĂ©tudier lâhĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© des industries au sens de ces deux approches en fonction de leurs niveaux technologiques.Il nous semble que notre travail contribue Ă la comprĂ©hension des dĂ©terminants de lâinnovation tels quâils ressortent de la controverse « Demand-Pull » versus « Technology-push », de trois façons :1) En proposant un survey problĂ©matisĂ© de la littĂ©rature sur lâinnovation,2) En prĂ©sentant de façon originale des donnĂ©es sur la R&D et la productivitĂ© des industries des pays de lâOCDE,3) En suggĂ©rant que les modĂšles Ă correction dâerreur, maintenant trĂšs bien maĂźtrisĂ©s, peuvent apporter dâutiles Ă©clairages Ă la question des modĂšles dâinnovation (« Demand-Pull » versus « Technology-push »).This thesis is at the intersection of several fields of economic research of innovation. Our approach uses empirical results from the econometrics of innovation. To study the relationship between innovation and demand, the most suitable seems to be the endogenous growth model based on innovation as opposed to the exogenous growth model. The nature and the direction of this relationship have been explored by various economic flows that can be classified into two major schools. The first are the proponents of so-called âTechnology-Push Innovationâ which may be regarded very broadly as âlearnedâ by the work of Joseph Schumpeter. The latter are the proponents of the approach âDemand-Pull Innovationâ, whose pioneering works have been baptized by Jacob Schmookler.The works of Kleinknecht and Verspagen (1990) have greatly inspired us to start this thesis. Our approach is an extension of this analysis. The purpose of this thesis is twofold: 1) showing that the relationship between innovation and demand is not unidirectional, 2) and this finding verified, examining the heterogeneity of industries within the meaning of these two approaches based on their technology levels.It seems to us that our work contributes to understanding the determinants of innovation as they emerge from the controversy âDemand-Pullâ versus âTechnology-pushâ, in three ways: 1) By offering a problematized survey of the literature on innovation, 2) By presenting, in an original way, data on R&D and productivity of industries in OECD countries, 3) By suggesting that the error correction models, now very well controlled, can provide useful insights to the issue of innovation models (âDemand-Pullâ versus âTechnology-pushâ)
« Demand-Pull » ou « Technology-Push » : survey de la littérature récente et nouveaux tests économétriques
This thesis is at the intersection of several fields of economic research of innovation. Our approach uses empirical results from the econometrics of innovation. To study the relationship between innovation and demand, the most suitable seems to be the endogenous growth model based on innovation as opposed to the exogenous growth model. The nature and the direction of this relationship have been explored by various economic flows that can be classified into two major schools. The first are the proponents of so-called âTechnology-Push Innovationâ which may be regarded very broadly as âlearnedâ by the work of Joseph Schumpeter. The latter are the proponents of the approach âDemand-Pull Innovationâ, whose pioneering works have been baptized by Jacob Schmookler.The works of Kleinknecht and Verspagen (1990) have greatly inspired us to start this thesis. Our approach is an extension of this analysis. The purpose of this thesis is twofold: 1) showing that the relationship between innovation and demand is not unidirectional, 2) and this finding verified, examining the heterogeneity of industries within the meaning of these two approaches based on their technology levels.It seems to us that our work contributes to understanding the determinants of innovation as they emerge from the controversy âDemand-Pullâ versus âTechnology-pushâ, in three ways: 1) By offering a problematized survey of the literature on innovation, 2) By presenting, in an original way, data on R&D and productivity of industries in OECD countries, 3) By suggesting that the error correction models, now very well controlled, can provide useful insights to the issue of innovation models (âDemand-Pullâ versus âTechnology-pushâ).Cette thĂšse sâinscrit au croisement de plusieurs domaines de la recherche Ă©conomique de lâinnovation. Notre dĂ©marche fait appel Ă des rĂ©sultats empiriques issus de lâĂ©conomĂ©trie de lâinnovation. Pour Ă©tudier la relation entre innovation et demande, lâoutil le plus adaptĂ© nous semble ĂȘtre le modĂšle de la croissance endogĂšne fondĂ© sur lâinnovation par opposition au modĂšle de la croissance exogĂšne. La nature et la direction de cette relation ont Ă©tĂ© explorĂ©es par diffĂ©rents courants Ă©conomiques qui peuvent ĂȘtre classĂ©s selon deux grandes Ă©coles. Les premiers sont les tenants de la thĂšse dite de la poussĂ©e technologique de lâinnovation (« Technology-Push Innovation ») que lâon peut considĂ©rer trĂšs globalement comme « tirĂ©s » par les travaux de Joseph Schumpeter. Les seconds sont les tenants de lâapproche dite de lâimpulsion par la demande de lâinnovation (« Demand-Pull Innovation ») dont les travaux pionniers ont Ă©tĂ© baptisĂ©s par Jacob Schmookler. Les travaux de Kleinknecht et Verspagen (1990) nous ont fortement inspirĂ© pour dĂ©marrer cette thĂšse. Notre dĂ©marche constitue un prolongement et une complexification de leur analyse. En effet, lâobjectif de cette thĂšse est double : monter que la relation entre innovation et demande nâest pas unidirectionnelle et, ce constat vĂ©rifiĂ©, examiner la possibilitĂ© dâĂ©tudier lâhĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© des industries au sens de ces deux approches en fonction de leurs niveaux technologiques.Il nous semble que notre travail contribue Ă la comprĂ©hension des dĂ©terminants de lâinnovation tels quâils ressortent de la controverse « Demand-Pull » versus « Technology-push », de trois façons :1) En proposant un survey problĂ©matisĂ© de la littĂ©rature sur lâinnovation,2) En prĂ©sentant de façon originale des donnĂ©es sur la R&D et la productivitĂ© des industries des pays de lâOCDE,3) En suggĂ©rant que les modĂšles Ă correction dâerreur, maintenant trĂšs bien maĂźtrisĂ©s, peuvent apporter dâutiles Ă©clairages Ă la question des modĂšles dâinnovation (« Demand-Pull » versus « Technology-push »)
« Demand-Pull » ou « Technology-Push » : survey de la littérature récente et nouveaux tests économétriques
This thesis is at the intersection of several fields of economic research of innovation. Our approach uses empirical results from the econometrics of innovation. To study the relationship between innovation and demand, the most suitable seems to be the endogenous growth model based on innovation as opposed to the exogenous growth model. The nature and the direction of this relationship have been explored by various economic flows that can be classified into two major schools. The first are the proponents of so-called âTechnology-Push Innovationâ which may be regarded very broadly as âlearnedâ by the work of Joseph Schumpeter. The latter are the proponents of the approach âDemand-Pull Innovationâ, whose pioneering works have been baptized by Jacob Schmookler.The works of Kleinknecht and Verspagen (1990) have greatly inspired us to start this thesis. Our approach is an extension of this analysis. The purpose of this thesis is twofold: 1) showing that the relationship between innovation and demand is not unidirectional, 2) and this finding verified, examining the heterogeneity of industries within the meaning of these two approaches based on their technology levels.It seems to us that our work contributes to understanding the determinants of innovation as they emerge from the controversy âDemand-Pullâ versus âTechnology-pushâ, in three ways: 1)By offering a problematized survey of the literature on innovation, 2)By presenting, in an original way, data on R&D and productivity of industries in OECD countries, 3)By suggesting that the error correction models, now very well controlled, can provide useful insights to the issue of innovation models (âDemand-Pullâ versus âTechnology-pushâ).Cette thĂšse sâinscrit au croisement de plusieurs domaines de la recherche Ă©conomique de lâinnovation. Notre dĂ©marche fait appel Ă des rĂ©sultats empiriques issus de lâĂ©conomĂ©trie de lâinnovation. Pour Ă©tudier la relation entre innovation et demande, lâoutil le plus adaptĂ© nous semble ĂȘtre le modĂšle de la croissance endogĂšne fondĂ© sur lâinnovation par opposition au modĂšle de la croissance exogĂšne. La nature et la direction de cette relation ont Ă©tĂ© explorĂ©es par diffĂ©rents courants Ă©conomiques qui peuvent ĂȘtre classĂ©s selon deux grandes Ă©coles. Les premiers sont les tenants de la thĂšse dite de la poussĂ©e technologique de lâinnovation (« Technology-Push Innovation ») que lâon peut considĂ©rer trĂšs globalement comme « tirĂ©s » par les travaux de Joseph Schumpeter. Les seconds sont les tenants de lâapproche dite de lâimpulsion par la demande de lâinnovation (« Demand-Pull Innovation ») dont les travaux pionniers ont Ă©tĂ© baptisĂ©s par Jacob Schmookler. Les travaux de Kleinknecht et Verspagen (1990) nous ont fortement inspirĂ© pour dĂ©marrer cette thĂšse. Notre dĂ©marche constitue un prolongement et une complexification de leur analyse. En effet, lâobjectif de cette thĂšse est double : monter que la relation entre innovation et demande nâest pas unidirectionnelle et, ce constat vĂ©rifiĂ©, examiner la possibilitĂ© dâĂ©tudier lâhĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© des industries au sens de ces deux approches en fonction de leurs niveaux technologiques.Il nous semble que notre travail contribue Ă la comprĂ©hension des dĂ©terminants de lâinnovation tels quâils ressortent de la controverse « Demand-Pull » versus « Technology-push », de trois façons :1)En proposant un survey problĂ©matisĂ© de la littĂ©rature sur lâinnovation,2)En prĂ©sentant de façon originale des donnĂ©es sur la R&D et la productivitĂ© des industries des pays de lâOCDE,3)En suggĂ©rant que les modĂšles Ă correction dâerreur, maintenant trĂšs bien maĂźtrisĂ©s, peuvent apporter dâutiles Ă©clairages Ă la question des modĂšles dâinnovation (« Demand-Pull » versus « Technology-push »)
LARGE PLAYERS IN THE NANOGAME: DEDICATED NANOTECH SUBSIDIARIES OR DISTRIBUTED NANOTECH CAPABILITIES?
Nanotechnologies are reshaping the boundaries between industries, combining two aspects of innovation â both enhancing competences based on cumulative knowledge and experience and destroying competences by forcing the renewal of the firmâs knowledge base. To analyze how worldwide R&D leaders adapt to this new technology, we conduct an econometric analysis of about 3,000 subsidiaries of the largest R&D spenders. We find that large groups are creating medium size subsidiary companies to explore nanotechnologies. Knowledge circulates mostly amongst subsidiaries within the same group and scientific clusters do not affect their involvement in nanotechnologies. Nanotechnologies remain marginal within these subsidiariesâ knowledge bases and are distributed within corporate groups, stimulating recombination between nanotechnology and other technologies