An Attempt to Measure Female Status in Pakistan and its Impact on Reproductive Behaviour

Growing concern about increase in female literacy and improvement in their socio-economic conditions is an offshoot of the growing awareness and concern about the population problem among planners and policy-makers. The explosive rate of population growth is a major obstacle to achieving a better quality of life for the majority of the populace in Pakistan. An uplift in the status of females through increased educational and employment opportunities lead to fertility decline. Several studies have been conducted in past decades to study the indicators of female status and its impact on fertility in Pakistan. Female education has been conventionally considered as an indicator of female status. There is a consensus in terms of the inverse relationship between female education and fertility that education, even upto primary level, does lead to fertility decline. Most population programmes in developing countries advocate in favour offemale literacy. The impact of female employment on fertility is however, not very clear in case of Pakistan [Sathar (1989)]. The findings of her study indicate that employment influenced fertility negatively in the case of women in higher status and positively in the case of lower status occupations. In the case of poorer women, the lack of a negative association between employment and fertility may be due to the fact that these women already had a large number of children before starting work

Utilisation, Excess Capacity, and Performance of Family Welfare Centres in a District of Punjab

The Eighth Five-Year Plan has allocated Rs 9.1 billion to the Population Welfare Programme (PWP) which constitutes 0.5 percent of the total plan size of Rs 1700.5 biIlion (in 1992-93). During 1992-93, a total of Rs 828.9 miIlion was allocated to PWP, of which 85 percent was reported to be utilised, which amounts to Rs 702.87 million. Service delivery of family planning is a major focus and component of the PWP. The major service delivery sources include Family Welfare Centres (FWCs) in both the government and NGO sectors, Mobile Service Units (MSUs), Reproductive Health Services (RHS), Village-based Family Planning Workers (VBFPW), Hakeems, and Private Medical Practitioners, etc. All sources of delivery of family planning during the three decades of programme efforts have achieved the maximum extent of effective coverage, estimated to be between 15-20 percent in early 1990s but no more than 5 percent to rural population [Rukanuddin and Hardee Cleveland (1992)]. Besides limited coverage, the low level of accessibility and limited contraceptive availability, particularly to rural populace, have also seriously affected the performance of the PWP. These concerns have been addressed in the Eighth Five-Year Plan, which aims at increasing the urban coverage from 54 percent to 100 percent and the rural coverage from 5 percent to 70 percent. The major mode of service delivery to increase the rural coverage is the ViII age-based Family Planning Worker (VBFPW) scheme that would offer FP services to approximately 12000 villages. This scheme, however, focuses on non-clinical and temporary methods only

PEMBELAJARAN KACAPI KAWIH DI LEMBAGA KEBUDAYAAN CIANJUR

Penelitian ini berjudul Pembelajaran Kacapi Kawih di Lembaga Kebudayaan Cianjur, yang bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan masalah desain, proses dan hasil pembelajaran kacapi kawih. Untuk menggali data digunakan Metode deskriptif analisis dengan pendekatan kualitatif, dibantu dengan teknik wawancara, observasi, studi literatur dan studi dokumentasi, kemudian data direduksi, didisplay, dianalisis dan diverifikasi. Temuan hasil penelitian tentang desain pembelajaran menggambarkan sistem yang sistematik dan didalamnya terdapat komponen-komponen pembelajaran yaitu tujuan, materi, metode, evaluasi pembelajaran. Proses pembelajaran diawali dengan pendahuluan, yaitu menyamakan surupan kacapi, menginformasikan materi pembelajaran. Proses inti, yaitu pemberian materi pembelajaran, tentang petikan dasar kacapi kawih, pola-pola tabuhan lagu kawih berdasarkan jenis lagu karatagan dan jenis lagu sawilet yang diaplikasikan melalui lagu Jukut Cirumput. Proses akhir pemberian tugas. Hasil pembelajaran lebih diarahkan pada kompetensi psikomotor (keterampilan memainkan alat), afektif untuk penanaman rasa musikalitas dalam membedakan pirigan lagu, dan kognitif sebagai penunjang utama dalam aspek keilmuan untuk ketercapaian tujuan pembelajaran kacapi kawih

MUSLIM AMERICAN’S UNDERSTANDING OF WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN ACCORDANCE TO THE ISLAMIC TRADITIONS

Islam is the most misrepresented, misunderstood, and the subject for much controversy in the United States of America especially with the women’s rights issue. This study presents interviews with Muslim Americans on their narrative and perspective of their understanding of women’s rights in accordance to the Islamic traditions. Utilizing a post-positive design, a qualitative data was gathered to compare Quranic text, and the Hadith of the Prophet Muhammad to daily practice of Muslim Americans in a Western democratic society. Participants acknowledged that although Islam as a religion has given women rights more than any other world religion and nation, practicing has not been implemented properly because of the cultural and interpretation barriers. Muslim Americans also acknowledge that the current political atmosphere in the United State has encouraged community members to become more vocal and practicing Muslims

HUBUNGAN ANTARA SELF MONITORING DENGAN PROKRASTINASI AKADEMIK PADA SISWA KELAS XI SMA NEGERI 3 PURWOKERTO

Siswa memiliki kewajiban untuk mengikuti kegiatan belajar mengajar yang diadakan di sekolah. Adanya berbagai macam kegiatan yang dilakukan siswa secara tidak langsung akan memengaruhi respon siswa dalam menyikapi tugas akademik. Self monitoring merupakan kemampuan individu untuk mengatur tingkah laku sesuai dengan petunjuk yang ada dan merespon dengan tepat situasi di lingkungan sosialnya. Prokrastinasi akademik merupakan penundaan dalam memulai, mengerjakan dan menyelesaikan tugas akademik yang dilakukan secara sengaja sehingga menimbulkan dampak negatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara self monitoring dengan prokrastinasi akademik pada siswa kelas XI SMA Negeri 3 Purwokerto. Hipotesis penelitian ini yaitu ada hubungan negatif antara self monitoring dengan prokrastinasi akademik pada siswa kelas XI SMA Negeri 3 Purwokerto. Subjek penelitian merupakan siswa kelas XI SMA Negeri 3 Purwokerto, dengan jumlah sampel penelitian sebanyak 180 siswa dengan menggunakan teknik cluster random sampling. Pengambilan data penelitian dilakukan menggunakan skala Self Monitoring (25 aitem valid; α = .88) dan skala Prokrastinasi Akademik (36 aitem valid; α = .93). Hasil analisis regresi sederhana menunjukkan bahwa adanya hubungan negatif yang signifikan antara self monitoring dengan prokrastinasi akademik, ditunjukkan dengan koefisien korelasi rxy = -.603 (p <.0001). Artinya, semakin tinggi self monitoring maka semakin rendah tingkat prokrastinasi akademik, begitu pula sebaliknya. Self monitoring pada penelitian ini memberikan sumbangan efektif sebesar 36.4% terhadap prokrastinasi akademik

The Degree of Managerial Transparency Practice among Public Schools’ Principles at Zarqa Governorate in Jordan

This study aimed at identifying the degree of managerial transparency practice among the governmental schools' principals working in ZarqaDirectorate from the perspective of art teachers. The study sample consisted of all the 33 art teachers working in the Jordanian public schools of Russaifa Directorate/ Zarqa. For the purpose of collecting data, a questionnaire for "the degree of managerial transparency" was prepared, consisting of (32) items and then its validity and reliability were proven. The results of the study showed that The degree of managerial transparency was high, there were no significant differences at the significance in the degree of managerial transparency due to gender and experience

Genotypic variability in callus induction and plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis of five deepwater rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars of Bangladesh

Experiments were carried out to induce embryogenic callus and plant regeneration from five different deepwater rice cultivars. Using mature embryos as explant, all the cultivars demonstrated high callusinduction and plant regeneration frequencies. When coleoptile and root segments used as explants, they had low frequencies of embryogenesis. Depending on different genotypes, the best plant regeneration was obtained on LS (Linsmaier and Skoog, 1965) based medium supplemented with 2 mgl-1 BAP + 1.5 mg l-1 2,4-D. Large variabilities in callus growth and plant regeneration potential were revealed among the cultivars tested. Cultivar HA-8 formed a high frequency (78%) of callus than that of other cultivars. In contrast cv. HA-1 produced the highest percentage (72%) of plant regeneration. The callus growth potential was not correlated with the plant regeneration potential. Coleoptiles and root segments produced calli, which did not develop any shoot bud in regeneration media. Moreover, thecalli turned blackish, watery and translucent after 25-28 days of culture. It is clear that mature seed scutellum (MSS) is the best explant for callus induction and plant regeneratio

Factors influencing Malaysians’ halal knowledge in purchasing halal pharmaceutical products / Wan Nur Khaleda W. Hassan

Halal pharmaceutical product is growing and flourishing in Malaysia. The demands are mostly from Muslims. In Islam, Muslims are required to only consume halal goods in order to get Allah’s blessings. Nevertheless, there are only a few pharmaceutical products available in the market with certified halal logo. Hence, for Muslim consumers in Malaysia, their personal effort includes the action of reading the ingredients on the packaging. However, for some consumers, the information on the products ingredients seem to be far beyond the consumer’s basic knowledge. This study was therefore conducted to examine the factors influencing Malaysians‟ halal knowledge in purchasing halal pharmaceutical products. Questionnaires were distributed and returned by 253 respondents. This study found that access to product information influence Malaysians‟ halal knowledge in purchasing halal pharmaceutical products

Perilaku Berkendara Agresif Para Pengguna Kendaraan Bermotor di Kota Malang

This study aims to identify the types of aggressive driving behavior and their causative factors. Survey method was employed in this study. The population of this study was motorized vehicle users (drivers and riders) in the city of Malang, from which we drew 400 drivers and riders as our sample by using purposive sampling technique. Data obtained from this study was then analyzed by applying descriptive and frequency analysis technique. The results showed that the most frequent type of aggressive driving behavior was tailgating in order to prevent others from occupying the space. Furthermore, contributing factors of aggressive driving behavior were traffic density, rushing behavior, some burdersome traffic signs, and other motorized vehicle users who try to occupy their driving territory.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bentuk-bentuk perilaku berkendara agresif beserta faktor yang menjadi pemicunya. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode survei. Populasi penelitian ini adalah para pengguna kendaraan bermotor (pengendara mobil dan sepeda motor) di Kota Malang, dengan jumlah sampel 400 orang. Metode pengambilan data pada penelitian ini adalah teknik purposive sampling. Data yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik analisis deskriptif dan analisis frekuensi. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perilaku berkendara agresif yang dominan terjadi adalah memperkecil jarak kedekatan dengan kendaraan di depannya untuk menghalangi pengendara lain yang akan mengambil jalan. Sementara itu, faktor yang menjadi pemicu terjadinya perilaku berkendara agresif adalah kepadatan lalu lintas, terburu-buru, rambu lalu lintas yang dirasa memberatkan pengendara, dan adanya pengendara lain yang melanggar daerah teritori pengendara tersebut