Mechanism of protein catobolism in skeletal muscle during cancer cachexia

Cancer cachexia is characterised by selective depletion of skeletal muscle protein reserves. The ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway has been shown to be responsible for muscle wasting in a range of cachectic conditions including cancer cachexia. To establish the importance of this pathway in muscle wasting during cancer (and sepsis), a quantitative competitive RT-PCR (QcRT-PCR) method was developed to measure the mRNA levels of the proteasome sub units C2a and C5ß and the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E214k. Western blotting was also used to measure the 20S proteasome and E214k protein expression. In vivo studies in mice bearing a cachexia inducing murine colon adenocarcinoma (MAC16) demonstrated the effect of progressive weight loss on the mRNA and protein expression for 20S proteasome subunits, as well as the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, E214k, in gastrocnemius and pectoral muscles. QcRT-PCR measurements showed a good correlation between expression of the proteasome subunits (C2 and CS) and the E214k enzyme mRNA and weight loss in gastrocnemius muscle, where expression increased with increasing weight loss followed by a decrease in expression at higher weight losses (25-27%). Similar results were obtained in pectoral muscles, but with the expression being several fold lower in comparison to that in gastrocnemius muscle, reflecting the different degrees of protein degradation in the two muscles during the process of cancer cachexia. Western blot analysis of 20S and E214k protein expression followed a similar pattern with respect to weight loss as that found with mRNA. In addition, mRNA and protein expression of the 20S proteasome subunits and E214k enzyme was measured in biopsies from cachectic cancer patients, which also showed a good correlation between weight loss and proteasome expression, demonstrating a progressive increase in expression of the proteasome subunits and E214k mRNA and protein in cachectic patients with progressively increasing weight loss.The effect of the cachexia-inducing tumour product PIF (proteolysis inducing factor) and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE), the arachidoinic acid metabolite (thought to be the intracellular transducer of PIF action) has also been determined. Using a surrogate model system for skeletal muscle, C2C12 myotubes in vitro, it was shown that both PIF and 15-HETE increased proteasome subunit expression (C2a and C5ß) as well as the E214k enzyme. This increase gene expression was attenuated by preincubation with EPA or the 15-lipoxygenase inhibitor CV-6504; immunoblotting also confirmed these findings. Similarly, in sepsis-induced cachexia in NMRI mice there was increased mRNA and protein expression of the 20S proteasome subunits and the E214k enzyme, which was inhibited by EPA treatment. These results suggest that 15-HETE is the intracellular mediator for PIF induced protein degradation in skeletal muscle, and that elevated muscle catabolism is accomplished through upregulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome-proteolytic pathway. Furthermore, both EPA and CV -6504 have shown anti-cachectic properties, which could be used in the future for the treatment of cancer cachexia and other similar catabolic conditions

Florida Turnpike Service - Retail Store Project

This report summarizes the findings of the Florida Turnpike Service Plaza retail Store survey, which was conducted October/2010- February 2011. Customers were surveyed in five service plazas, specifically Turkey Lake, Port St. Lucie/Ft. Pierce, West Palm Beach, Canoe Creek, and Fort Drum. A focused group research was also conducted by the Rosen College Faculty. Rosen\u27s College- University of Central Florida- graduate and undergraduate students collected data using intercept method of data collection. Customers inside the 5 plazas were randomly selected to participate in the study. A total of 419 surveys were collected across the 5 plazas, after removing the outliers and the incomplete surveys 415 surveys were used for data analysis

On the derivatives of a family of analytic functions

For $\beta< 1$, n = 0, 1, 2, . . ., and $-\pi <\alpha\leq\pi$, we let $M_n(\alpha,\beta)$ denote the family of functions $f(z) = z +\ldots$ that are analytic in the unit disk and satisfy there the condition $Re\{(D^n f)'+\frac{1+e^{i\alpha}}{2(n+1)}z(D^n f)''\}>\beta$, where $D^n f(z)$ is the Hadamard product or convolution of f with $z/(1 − z){n+1}$. We prove the inclusion relations $M_{n+1}(\alpha,\beta) \subset M_n(\alpha,\beta$, and $M_n(\alpha,\beta) < M_n(\pi,\beta), \beta < 1$. Extreme points, as well as integral and convolution characterizations, are found. This leads to coefficient bounds and other extremal properties. The special cases $M_0(\alpha,0)\equiv \mathcal{L}_\alpha$, $M_n(\pi,\beta)\equiv M_n(\beta)$ have previously been studied [16], [1]

On Some Subclasses of Harmonic Functions Defined by Fractional Calculus

The purpose of this paper is to study subclasses of normalized harmonic functions with positive real part using fractional derivative. Sharp estimates for coefficients and distortion theorems are given

Meymene (Faryab/Afganistan) bölgesinin etnobotanigi ve tarımsal biyoçeşitliliği

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır.Bu araştırmada, Afganistan'ın Faryab vilayetinin Meymene bölgesinde etnobotanik araştırmalar yürütülmüş ve bölge halkı tarafından kültüre alınan bitkiler araştırılmıştır. Bu çalışma ile birlikte ayrıca, Afganistan ve Faryab'ın coğrafi, ekonomik ve tarımsal özellikleri üzerinde durup, ekonomik olarak kültürü yapılan bitkiler de incelenmiştir. Çalışma dört bölümden oluşmaktadır. Çalışmanın birinci ve ikinci bölümlerinde giriş ve kaynak araştırması yapılmış, Afganistan ve komşu ülkeler üzerinde yapılmış etnobotanik çalışmalar incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın üçüncü bölümünde Materyal ve Metot açıklanmıştır. Bu bölümde etnobotanik çalışmaların yapıldığı bölge hakkında bilgiler verilmiş, pazar araştırmaları, arazi çalışmaları ve bitki toplama yöntemleri açıklanmıştır. Çalışmanın dördüncü bölümünde Bulgular yer almaktadır. Bu bölümde tespit edilen taksonlar, familya isimlerine göre alfabetik olarak sıralanmış ve taksonların etnobotanik kullanımlarına yer verilmiştir. Çalışmanın son kısmında ise sonuç ve değerlendirmeler yapılmış ve çalışmada kullanılan ekler sunulmuştur.In this research, Ethnobotanical surveys were carried out in the Meymana region of Faryab province of Afghanistan and the cultivated plants were investigated by the people of the region. In addition to this study, we also examined the geographical, economic and agricultural characteristics of Afghanistan and Faryab, and cultivated plants. The study consists of four parts. In the first and second sections of the study, input and source researches were made and the sources on which the researches on ethnobotany were investigated. In the third part of the work, the Material and Method are explained. In this section, information about the area where the ethnobotany studies are made, market researches, field studies and plant collection methods are explained. Findings are in the fourth part of the work. The taxa identified in this section are listed in alphabetical order according to the family names and ethnobotanical uses of the taxa have been included. In the last part of the study, results and evaluations were made and the annexes used in the study were presented

NEW EXAMPLES OF S-UNIMODAL MAPS WITH A SIGMA-FINITE ABSOLUTELY CONTINUOUS INVARIANT MEASURE

We construct new types of examples of S-unimodal maps &#38;#966; on an interval I that do not have a finite absolutely continuous invariant measure but that do have a &#38;#963; - finite one. These examples satisfy two important properties. The first property is topological, namely, the forward orbit of the critical point c is dense, i.e., &#38;#969;(c) = I. On the other hand, the second property is metric, we are able to conclude that this measure is infinite on every non-trivial interval. In the process, we show that we have the following dichotomy. Every absolutely continuous invariant measure, in our setting, is either &#38;#963; - finite, or else it is infinite on every set of positive Lebesgue measure. Our method of construction is based on the method of inducing a power map defined piecewise on a countable collection of non-overlapping intervals that partition I modulo a Cantor set of Lebesgue measure zero. The power map then satisfies what is known as the Folklore Theorem and therefore has a finite a.c.i.m. that is pulled back to define our &#38;#966; - invariant measure on I, with the above stated properties

Does pleural tuberculosis disease pattern differ among developed and developing countries

SummaryBackground: A number of reports from developed countries have documented a rising age at which pleural tuberculosis occurs and increase in the frequency of reactivation disease being as the main cause of pleural involvement.Objective: To determine the age at which pleural tuberculosis occurs, study its clinical pattern, and to determine whether pleural tuberculosis is a result of reactivation of pulmonary tuberculosis or it is a primary one comparing our findings with results from developed countries.Method: Retrospective study of 100 cases discharged from Hamad General Hospital with the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis from January 1996 to December 2002.Results: Pleural tuberculosis tends to affect younger age groups (84% are below the age of 45 years, with mean age of 31.5). The disease tends to be mostly a primary infection. Fever is the most common symptom (90%) and the disease is usually an acute or sub acute one. Weight loss precedes other symptoms. Exudative pleural effusion with predominant lymphocytosis is characteristic. Majority of patients have no predisposing conditions for the disease.Conclusion: In contrast to what has been reported in some developed countries, Pleural tuberculosis tends to be a primary disease in the present study. Younger age groups are particularly affected

Endobronchial Tuberculosis Simulating Lung Cancer and Healing without Bronchial Stenosis

Endobroncheal tuberculosis is defined as tuberculous infection of the tracheobronchial tree with microbial and histopathological evidence. The disease is usually mistaken for other lung diseases including lung cancer. Bronchial stenosis is a common complication of this type of tuberculosis despite the use of effective anti-tuberculous chemotherapy. We are presenting a case of endobronchial tuberculosis that simulated lung cancer and healed without residual bronchial stenosis