Labor Force Participation Elasticities of Women and Secondary Earners within Married Couples

Labor supply elasticities are often used to evaluate the effect of changes in tax rates on the total hours worked in the economy. Historically, married women have tended to have larger labor supply elasticities than their spouses because they were the secondary earners in a couple. However, those elasticities have fallen sharply in recent decades—a decline that has been attributed to greater labor force participation rates and increased career orientation among married women. Indeed, a growing share of wives earn more than their husbands, raising the question whether a person’s sex or relative earnings is the relevant factor affecting the sensitivity of participation to wage and tax rates. In this paper, we use administrative data to examine whether women or lower-earning spouses have larger labor supply elasticities. We present descriptive evidence on the share of women who are the primary earner and the frequency of transitions into and out of employment by sex and relative earnings. We find that lower earning spouses are more likely to start and stop working than women, except when a couple starts a family. We then model an individual’s work decision using a dynamic probit model to isolate the labor supply response to changes in tax rates. We estimate that the participation elasticity with respect to the net-of-tax rate of the secondary earner—the spouse who typically has lower earnings—is about 0.03, slightly higher than that for women, though both of these overall elasticities are small. Participation elasticities with respect to income for both women and secondary earners are effectively zero. Our estimates are robust to several alternative models, including alternative specifications of secondary earner

ADVANCES IN GROUPER AQUACULTURE

Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

Walking builds community cohesion: Survey of two New Hampshire communities looks at social capital and walkability

This brief reports the results of a survey conducted in 2009 of approximately 2,000 households in Portsmouth and Manchester, New Hampshire, to examine the connection between walkability and social capital. Authors Shannon Rogers, Kevin Gardner, and Cynthia Carlson report that higher levels of social capital are found in areas that are perceived to be more walkable, as measured by the number of places people can walk to in their community. In addition, walkability is influenced by concerns of safety, access, time, and health and by physical characteristics such as proximity, scale, and aesthetics. Given the link between walkability and greater social capital, and in turn the link between social capital and numerous positive outcomes, refitting communities with greater walkability can have short- and longer-term payoffs. The authors conclude that more walkable communities are healthier communities, and as the research in the brief shows, residents in them are more connected to one another not only by sidewalks but also through the social networks and social capital they form when they live in communities that encourage gathering and meeting face-to-face

Speeding Towards Disaster: How Cleveland\u27s Traffic Cameras Violate the Ohio Constitution

Part II of this paper describes the history and development of traffic cameras. It includes a discussion of how the two systems used by Cleveland (red-light and speeding cameras) operate. It also gives a general background of the relationship between cities and camera vendors. Part III provides the legal background of traffic cameras. It begins by examining the various arguments that have been leveled against cameras and then examines the litigation to date challenging traffic cameras. Next, this Note discusses the scholarly literature on the subject and explains how this argument situates itself in the debate. Part IV gives traffic law background by examining the Ohio Revised Code\u27s traffic law and the City of Cleveland\u27s traffic camera ordinance. It then discusses the Ohio Legislature\u27s involvement with traffic cameras and explains the recent passage and veto of House Bill 56. Next, this Note explains the current situation in the Ohio courts and the recent certification of the constitutionality of traffic cameras to the Ohio Supreme Court. Part V discusses Ohio\u27s Home Rule law. It examines the key cases decided by the Ohio Supreme Court and explains the test for conflict between a municipal ordinance and state law. It then advances the argument that Cleveland\u27s traffic cameras violate the Ohio Constitution. Finally, Part VI concludes and calls for the Ohio Supreme Court to find traffic cameras in conflict with the Ohio Revised Code

Speeding Towards Disaster: How Cleveland\u27s Traffic Cameras Violate the Ohio Constitution

Part II of this paper describes the history and development of traffic cameras. It includes a discussion of how the two systems used by Cleveland (red-light and speeding cameras) operate. It also gives a general background of the relationship between cities and camera vendors. Part III provides the legal background of traffic cameras. It begins by examining the various arguments that have been leveled against cameras and then examines the litigation to date challenging traffic cameras. Next, this Note discusses the scholarly literature on the subject and explains how this argument situates itself in the debate. Part IV gives traffic law background by examining the Ohio Revised Code\u27s traffic law and the City of Cleveland\u27s traffic camera ordinance. It then discusses the Ohio Legislature\u27s involvement with traffic cameras and explains the recent passage and veto of House Bill 56. Next, this Note explains the current situation in the Ohio courts and the recent certification of the constitutionality of traffic cameras to the Ohio Supreme Court. Part V discusses Ohio\u27s Home Rule law. It examines the key cases decided by the Ohio Supreme Court and explains the test for conflict between a municipal ordinance and state law. It then advances the argument that Cleveland\u27s traffic cameras violate the Ohio Constitution. Finally, Part VI concludes and calls for the Ohio Supreme Court to find traffic cameras in conflict with the Ohio Revised Code

CRLF2 rearrangement in Ph-like acute lymphoblastic leukemia predicts relative glucocorticoid resistance that is overcome with MEK or Akt inhibition.

Philadelphia chromosome-like (Ph-like) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a genetically heterogeneous subtype of B-cell ALL characterized by chromosomal rearrangements and mutations that result in aberrant cytokine receptor and kinase signaling. In particular, chromosomal rearrangements resulting in the overexpression of cytokine receptor-like factor 2 (CRLF2) occur in 50% of Ph-like ALL cases. CRLF2 overexpression is associated with particularly poor clinical outcomes, though the molecular basis for this is currently unknown. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are integral to the treatment of ALL and GC resistance at diagnosis is an important negative prognostic factor. Given the importance of GCs in ALL therapy and the poor outcomes for patients with CRLF2 overexpression, we hypothesized that the aberrant signal transduction associated with CRLF2 overexpression might mediate intrinsic GC insensitivity. To test this hypothesis, we exposed Ph-like ALL cells from patient-derived xenografts to GCs and found that CRLF2 rearranged (CRLF2R) leukemias uniformly demonstrated reduced GC sensitivity in vitro. Furthermore, targeted inhibition of signal transduction with the MEK inhibitor trametinib and the Akt inhibitor MK2206, but not the JAK inhibitor ruxolitinib, was sufficient to augment GC sensitivity. These data suggest that suboptimal GC responses may in part underlie the poor clinical outcomes for patients with CRLF2 overexpression and provide rationale for combination therapy involving GCs and signal transduction inhibitors as a means of enhancing GC efficacy

THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN UNILATERAL BALANCE AND KICKING

Balance is a common coaching cue and technical factor associated with kicking in the football codes. The aim of this study was to compare balance ability and maximal kick performance for the punt kick. Fifteen elite junior Australian Football players performed maximal punt kicks with their preferred and non-preferred legs with foot and ball speed calculated using VICON. Balance ability was assessed unilaterally during three 20 s standing tasks on a force plate using centre of pressure range and medio-lateral force standard deviation. No relationship was found between balance ability and kick performance, similar to soccer kicking. Future work should explore balance in more kick-specific tasks

Undergraduate Financial Stress, Financial Self-Efficacy, and Major Choice: A Multi-Institutional Study

Over time, undergraduates students been increasingly forced to assume a greater portion of college costs. For most students, this means borrowing larger sums and cutting back on expenses to fulfill their college dreams, which often leads to financial stress. Using financial self-efficacy theory, we sought to better understand how a lack of financial confidence and a diminished sense of financial well-being may serve to undermine students’ intended short and long-term goals. To this end, we examined the predictors of financial stress based upon a multi-institutional sample of senior undergraduates and focus on the role of the earnings potential of different majors

Sensor web

A Sensor Web formed of a number of different sensor pods. Each of the sensor pods include a clock which is synchronized with a master clock so that all of the sensor pods in the Web have a synchronized clock. The synchronization is carried out by first using a coarse synchronization which takes less power, and subsequently carrying out a fine synchronization to make a fine sync of all the pods on the Web. After the synchronization, the pods ping their neighbors to determine which pods are listening and responded, and then only listen during time slots corresponding to those pods which respond