Análise da sustentabilidade ambiental de uma instituição de ensino segundo o Sistema Contábil Gerencial Ambiental

TCC (graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Sócio Econômico, Curso de Ciências Contábeis.Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o grau de sustentabilidade de uma instituição de ensino com base no método SICOGEA (Sistema Contábil Gerencial Ambiental) - Geração 2 e propor medidas para minimizar os danos causados pelo processo de prestação de serviços da instituição de ensino ao meio ambiente e à sociedade. No processo de coleta dos dados, utilizou-se uma lista de verificação composta por 153 questões dispostas em grupos-chave e subgrupos, tendo sido respondida pela contadora da instituição pesquisada. A instituição de ensino apresentou uma sustentabilidade ambiental global de 41%, que é considerada fraca pelo método adotado neste estudo. O grupo-chave Marketing obteve o melhor índice de sustentabilidade ambiental, com 73,66%. Em contrapartida, o grupo chave Contabilidade e Finanças apresentou o menor índice de sustentabilidade ambiental, com apenas 17,72%, o que ensejou a elaboração do plano resumido de gestão ambiental. Observou-se pouca preocupação e conscientização com as questões sociais e ambientais, não tendo sido observada uma política de qualidade ambiental por parte da instituição. Além disso, não foi constatada na instituição a economia de insumos e/ou matérias-primas, como também não foram percebidos mecanismos de controle da conformidade das atividades com os regulamentos ambientais, tampouco o registro de imobilizados ambientais

Fracture characterisation of yew (Taxus baccata L.) and spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) in the radial-tangential and tangential-radial crack propagation system by a micro wedge splitting test

Common yew (Taxus baccata L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) are gymnosperm species that differ in their microscopic structure and mechanical characteristics. Compared to spruce, the density of yew wood is high, but the modulus of elasticity is low when loaded parallel to the grain. Information about the transverse load direction is largely lacking. Therefore, the goal of this study was to assess the elastic and fracture mechanical behaviour of both wood species in the radial-tangential plane (crack opening mode I). For this purpose, micro wedge splitting tests were performed. Characteristic elastic and fracture parameters (initial slope, critical load, specific fracture energy) were determined. After the tests, the fracture surfaces were evaluated using microscopic methods. The results reveal clear differences between the species regarding microscopic fracture phenomena and prove that yew wood was significantly stiffer than spruce wood. We suggest that the density and the cell geometry are predominantly responsible for both elasticity and failure behaviour in the transverse directio

Moisture-dependent orthotropic elasticity of beech wood

Elastic material properties are one of the most important material characteristics in mechanical modelling. Wood with distinctively different properties in the longitudinal, radial and tangential directions exhibits a strong moisture-dependent material characteristic in the elastic range. In order to characterise beech wood as an orthotropic material, all of the independent elastic properties were determined at different moisture conditions. These characteristic properties have never been determined before as a function of moisture content yet are vital to the field of wood modelling. All elastic parameters, except for some Poisson's ratios, show a decrease in stiffness with increasing moisture content. In comparison to available literature references at a moisture content of ω≈12%, the identified values were of the same order of magnitude. The determined material properties can be used to investigate the mechanical behaviour of beech wood structures including different moisture condition

Three-dimensional elastic behaviour of common yew and Norway spruce

In view of its high density, yew wood has a remarkably low longitudinal Young's modulus, which makes it unique among coniferous woods. However, the elastic response of yew related to other load directions is largely unknown. Therefore, our goal was to comprehensively characterise the three-dimensional elastic behaviour of yew wood. To achieve this, we performed tensile tests on dog-bone-shaped yew specimens and determined the three Young's moduli and six Poisson's ratios using a universal testing machine and a digital image correlation technique. All tests were also applied to spruce as reference species. After including the shear moduli determined in a prior study by our group, all elastic engineering parameters of yew and spruce were ascertained. Based on these values, the three-dimensional elastic behaviour was describable with deformation bodies and polar diagrams. Evaluating these illustrations revealed that yew had a lower stiffness only in the longitudinal direction. In all other three-dimensional directions, spruce was clearly more compliant than yew. Particularly, in the radial-tangential plane, both species varied largely in their degree of anisotropic elasticity. All mentioned differences between yew and spruce originate at the microstructural leve

Micromechanical properties of common yew ( Taxus baccata ) and Norway spruce ( Picea abies ) transition wood fibers subjected to longitudinal tension

The longitudinal modulus of elasticity of common yew is astonishingly low in light of its high raw density. At least this was found for specimens examined at the solid wood level and at the tissue level. However, to reveal if this low axial stiffness is also present at the cellular level, tensile tests were performed on individual yew fibers and on spruce fibers for reference. The results revealed a low stiffness and a high strain to fracture for yew when compared with spruce. This compliant behavior was ascribed to a relatively high microfibril angle of yew measured by X-ray scattering. It can be concluded that the high compliance of yew observed at higher hierarchical levels is obviously controlled by a structural feature present at the cell wall level. In future studies, the biomechanical function of this compliant behavior for the living yew tree would be of particular interes

Ein Schleppkabel zur Messung räumlicher Temperaturprofile : technischer Bericht

Es wird der Aufbau eines 50 m langen Schleppkabels beschrieben, das 30 zweipolige Stecker im Abstand von 1,5 m trägt, an die Sensoren zur Messung ozeanographischer Parameter angeschlossen werden können. Zur Reduzierung des Strömungswiderstandes und zur Dämpfung von Vibrationen wird das Kabel mit Kunststoffflossen verkleidet. Als Depressor dient ein Jalousie-Drachen, mit dem Schleppgeschwindigkeiten bis zu 12 kn möglich sind. Gegenwärtig werden an die Stecker 30 NTC-Widerstände angeschlossen, die auf eine gemeimame Kennlinie abgeglichen worden sind. Die Temperaturen werden mit Hilfe einer digitalen Datenerfassungsanlage auf Lochstreifen registriert. The construction is described of a 50 m cable supplied by 30 connectors with two contacts at distances cf 1.5 m in order to attach oceanographic instruments. For the purpose of reducing drag forces and vibrations the cable is faired with plastic fins. With a depressor shaped like a Venetian blind towing speeds up to 12 kn are possible. At present 30 NTC-resistors are used, adjusted to an identical temperature reponse. The temperatures are measured by means of a digital data Iogging system and printed on punch tape

Análise de volume de tráfego, capacidade e nível de serviço para uma rodovia nova entre os municípios de Brusque e Camboriú

TCC (graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Centro Tecnológico. Engenharia Civil.A engenharia de tráfego tem como uma de suas funções pautar o planejamento do sistema viário, com a finalidade de entregar ao usuário uma infraestrutura de desempenho adequado, através do seu dimensionamento compatível com a utilização requerida. O objetivo deste estudo foi obter informações relacionadas ao tráfego para determinar a demanda e avaliar o desempenho de uma rodovia nova em um traçado existente. A demanda atual da rodovia foi baseada em dados de contagens de tráfego coletados e por uma pesquisa de origem e destino. A demanda atual obtida foi projetada até o cenário futuro, onde a rodovia é avaliada. Foram realizadas verificações para a evolução do tempo até o horizonte de projeto do desempenho para a rodovia, baseadas em uma seção transversal proposta. A metodologia empregada permitiu obter a avaliação do nível de serviço e capacidade durante o período de análise