Elevational diversity of terrestrial rainforest herbs: when the whole is less than the sum of its parts

We studied the species richness of herbaceous terrestrial plant species along an elevational gradient at 250-2425m a.s.l. in evergreen tropical forest in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. We recorded 302 species belonging to 51 families. Ferns and lycophytes contributed 62% of the species, followed by monocots with 24% and dicots with 14%. Overall herb species richness did not show any particular relation with elevation, while the richness of ferns increased significantly with elevation, monocots did not show a pattern, and dicots showed a hump-shaped pattern with maximum richness at 1800m. These patterns in turn were only partly reflected in the patterns of the individual plant families making up each group. The independence of different taxa was also reflected in their relationships to environmental factors (temperature, precipitation, and area): although, each single family was related to one or several factors, at the group level and at the overall level these trends were lost. These results show that interpreting diversity at higher taxonomic level may overlook important information at the family level and raises the biologically intriguing question whether overall patterns of diversity result from a random accumulation of group-specific patterns or if there is some interaction between groups (e.g., via competition and niche-pre-emption

Death in the Social Sciences: An Approach

El artículo presenta las ideas centrales de los trabajos y debates que en torno a la muerte marcaron a la historia, la antropología y la sociología en el último siglo. Distingue especialmente tres momentos clave en la producción de conocimiento sobre la muerte: inicios del siglo XX, las décadas de 1960, 1970, y a partir de los años noventa. El artículo recorre cada uno de sus momentos, presenta las preocupaciones, el contexto que configura y propicia la emergencia de estudios, así como los hallazgos más novedosos y útiles para pensar el tema en la actualidad. Focaliza sobre todo en el tratamiento de los rituales, el cuerpo, el sentido social de la muerte y el proceso de morir. El recorrido es esencialmente a través de la bibliografía de los países centrales y, al mismo tiempo, es sensible a los aportes que podría brindar una mirada más descentrada y desde el sur. En el balance final se plantean algunas preguntas y se reformulan preocupaciones "clásicas" a la luz de algunos datos de los países latinoamericanos.This article presents the central ideas of the work and debates around death that marked history, anthropology and sociology during the last century. It especially distinguishes three key moments in the production of knowledge about death: the early twentieth century, the 60s and 70s and the period beginning during the 90s. The article covers each of its moments, presents the concerns, the context that shapes and promotes the emergence of studies and the most novel and useful findings used to ponder about this issue. It focuses mainly on the treatment of rituals, the body, the social meaning of death and the process of dying. The route taken is essentially through the bibliography of the central countries and, at the same time, is sensitive to the contributions that could be provided by a more off-center look stemming from the south. In the final balance some questions are raised and "classic" concerns are reformulated in the light of information that has originated in Latin American countries.Documento incorporado en 2019 en el marco del "Programa de becas de experiencia laboral" de la Biblioteca Profesor Guillermo Obiols para estudiantes de Bibliotecología, a partir de un procedimiento técnico de captura de datos desarrollado por el personal del IdIHCS.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

Presentación

Muerte, regímenes políticos y violencia

When deaths bring changes: The struggle against state violence in recent Argentina

Luego de la última dictadura militar, se inició un proceso de cuestionamiento de las violencias estatales. En muchos casos, muertes violentas ocasionadas por agentes del Estado dispararon una profunda conmoción pública que propició cambios de distinta índole y magnitud. ¿Por qué algunas muertes lograron desencadenar tales procesos y otras similares no lo hicieron? El artículo analiza una serie de casos relacionados con distintas aristas de la violencia estatal que alentaron transformaciones. La hipótesis sostiene que la forma de matar, el ultraje posterior del cadáver y las versiones sobre la moralidad de la víctima fueron centrales en las reacciones iniciales y en la interpelación a los poderes públicos. Sugiere también que la conmoción pública por una muerte violenta de un ser indefenso e inocente deriva, de manera muy compleja, en cambios políticos, sociales o culturales. Basados en una diversidad de fuentes, el artículo busca contribuir a establecer los vínculos entre muerte y política en la historia argentina reciente.After the last military dictatorship in Argentina, a questioning process of state violence began. In many cases, violent deaths caused by state agents provoked a deep public commotion that ended up in changes of different nature and magnitude. Why some deaths did it and others failed to trigger such processes? The article analyzes a number of cases related to different aspects of the state violence which encouraged transformations. The hypothesis take on that the killing way, the subsequent corpse outrage and the accounts of the victim?s morality were central to the initial reactions and to the questioning towards the public authorities. It also suggests that the public commotion for a violent death of a defenseless and innocent being drift in political, social or cultural changes in a very complex way. Based on a sources variety, the article attempts to contribute to establishing the links between death and politics in recent Argentine history.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

Death in the Social Sciences: An Approach

El artículo presenta las ideas centrales de los trabajos y debates que en torno a la muerte marcaron a la historia, la antropología y la sociología en el último siglo. Distingue especialmente tres momentos clave en la producción de conocimiento sobre la muerte: inicios del siglo XX, las décadas de 1960, 1970, y a partir de los años noventa. El artículo recorre cada uno de sus momentos, presenta las preocupaciones, el contexto que configura y propicia la emergencia de estudios, así como los hallazgos más novedosos y útiles para pensar el tema en la actualidad. Focaliza sobre todo en el tratamiento de los rituales, el cuerpo, el sentido social de la muerte y el proceso de morir. El recorrido es esencialmente a través de la bibliografía de los países centrales y, al mismo tiempo, es sensible a los aportes que podría brindar una mirada más descentrada y desde el sur. En el balance final se plantean algunas preguntas y se reformulan preocupaciones "clásicas" a la luz de algunos datos de los países latinoamericanos.This article presents the central ideas of the work and debates around death that marked history, anthropology and sociology during the last century. It especially distinguishes three key moments in the production of knowledge about death: the early twentieth century, the 60s and 70s and the period beginning during the 90s. The article covers each of its moments, presents the concerns, the context that shapes and promotes the emergence of studies and the most novel and useful findings used to ponder about this issue. It focuses mainly on the treatment of rituals, the body, the social meaning of death and the process of dying. The route taken is essentially through the bibliography of the central countries and, at the same time, is sensitive to the contributions that could be provided by a more off-center look stemming from the south. In the final balance some questions are raised and "classic" concerns are reformulated in the light of information that has originated in Latin American countries.Documento incorporado en 2019 en el marco del "Programa de becas de experiencia laboral" de la Biblioteca Profesor Guillermo Obiols para estudiantes de Bibliotecología, a partir de un procedimiento técnico de captura de datos desarrollado por el personal del IdIHCS.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

Death in the Social Sciences: An Approach

El artículo presenta las ideas centrales de los trabajos y debates que en torno a la muerte marcaron a la historia, la antropología y la sociología en el último siglo. Distingue especialmente tres momentos clave en la producción de conocimiento sobre la muerte: inicios del siglo XX, las décadas de 1960, 1970, y a partir de los años noventa. El artículo recorre cada uno de sus momentos, presenta las preocupaciones, el contexto que configura y propicia la emergencia de estudios, así como los hallazgos más novedosos y útiles para pensar el tema en la actualidad. Focaliza sobre todo en el tratamiento de los rituales, el cuerpo, el sentido social de la muerte y el proceso de morir. El recorrido es esencialmente a través de la bibliografía de los países centrales y, al mismo tiempo, es sensible a los aportes que podría brindar una mirada más descentrada y desde el sur. En el balance final se plantean algunas preguntas y se reformulan preocupaciones "clásicas" a la luz de algunos datos de los países latinoamericanos.This article presents the central ideas of the work and debates around death that marked history, anthropology and sociology during the last century. It especially distinguishes three key moments in the production of knowledge about death: the early twentieth century, the 60s and 70s and the period beginning during the 90s. The article covers each of its moments, presents the concerns, the context that shapes and promotes the emergence of studies and the most novel and useful findings used to ponder about this issue. It focuses mainly on the treatment of rituals, the body, the social meaning of death and the process of dying. The route taken is essentially through the bibliography of the central countries and, at the same time, is sensitive to the contributions that could be provided by a more off-center look stemming from the south. In the final balance some questions are raised and "classic" concerns are reformulated in the light of information that has originated in Latin American countries.Documento incorporado en 2019 en el marco del "Programa de becas de experiencia laboral" de la Biblioteca Profesor Guillermo Obiols para estudiantes de Bibliotecología, a partir de un procedimiento técnico de captura de datos desarrollado por el personal del IdIHCS.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

La muerte como problema público

¿Qué debe tener la muerte de un individuo para ser políticamente relevante y ser capaz de interpelar a los poderes públicos y propiciar cambios? A partir de esta pregunta, Gabriel Kessler y Sandra Gayol trazan una mirada sociohistórica sobre los casos conmocionantes que construyeron la vida democrática de un país en el que reclamar por los muertos es un acto tan politizado como asesinar o encubrir. Un fragmento de “Muertes que importan” (Siglo XXI).Fil: Gayol, Sandra Viviana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento; ArgentinaFil: Kessler, Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación. Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Altos Estudios Sociales; Argentin

Long-term effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy for treatment-resistant depression in primary care: follow-up of the CoBalT randomised controlled trial

Background: Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for people whose depression has not responded to antidepressants. However, the long-term outcome is unknown. In a long-term follow-up of the CoBalT trial, we examined the clinical and cost-effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy as an adjunct to usual care that included medication over 3–5 years in primary care patients with treatment-resistant depression. Methods: CoBalT was a randomised controlled trial done across 73 general practices in three UK centres. CoBalT recruited patients aged 18–75 years who had adhered to antidepressants for at least 6 weeks and had substantial depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory [BDI-II] score ≥14 and met ICD-10 depression criteria). Participants were randomly assigned using a computer generated code, to receive either usual care or CBT in addition to usual care. Patients eligible for the long-term follow-up were those who had not withdrawn by the 12 month follow-up and had given their consent to being re-contacted. Those willing to participate were asked to return the postal questionnaire to the research team. One postal reminder was sent and non-responders were contacted by telephone to complete a brief questionnaire. Data were also collected from general practitioner notes. Follow-up took place at a variable interval after randomisation (3–5 years). The primary outcome was self-report of depressive symptoms assessed by BDI-II score (range 0–63), analysed by intention to treat. Cost-utility analysis compared health and social care costs with quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). This study is registered with isrctn.com, number ISRCTN38231611. Findings: Between Nov 4, 2008, and Sept 30, 2010, 469 eligible participants were randomised into the CoBalT study. Of these, 248 individuals completed a long-term follow-up questionnaire and provided data for the primary outcome (136 in the intervention group vs 112 in the usual care group). At follow-up (median 45·5 months [IQR 42·5–51·1]), the intervention group had a mean BDI-II score of 19·2 (SD 13·8) compared with a mean BDI-II score of 23·4 (SD 13·2) for the usual care group (repeated measures analysis over the 46 months: difference in means −4·7 [95% CI −6·4 to −3·0, p<0·001]). Follow-up was, on average, 40 months after therapy ended. The average annual cost of trial CBT per participant was £343 (SD 129). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was £5374 per QALY gain. This represented a 92% probability of being cost effective at the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence QALY threshold of £20 000. Interpretation: CBT as an adjunct to usual care that includes antidepressants is clinically effective and cost effective over the long-term for individuals whose depression has not responded to pharmacotherapy. In view of this robust evidence of long-term effectiveness and the fact that the intervention represented good value-for-money, clinicians should discuss referral for CBT with all those for whom antidepressants are not effective

Article 6 Piloting: State of Play and Stakeholder Experiences

This report is the 3rd edition of a series started in 2019 and provides an updated overview of all aspects related to the piloting and operationalization of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. Despite the continued uncertainty regarding the finalization of the Article 6 rules, practical Article 6 piloting is continuing apace and the landscape of Article 6 piloting initiatives evolves. Testing how Article 6 cooperation could work in practice in order to inform negotiations as well as getting early access to sources of emissions credits is seen as important to fulfill national mitigation commitments. As a framework for the analysis in our study, we apply a ‘concentric ring’ model that clearly differentiates between piloting activities that aim at generating Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (ITMOs) or adaptation benefits (ABs), initiatives that will eventually be governed by Article 6 rules and the enabling environment, which is essential to drive piloting efforts forward. In an additional analytical step, we classify piloting activities in the inner circle according to three different phases: the preparatory phase, the pilot phase and the full implementation phase. Moreover, we summarise current stakeholder experiences with Article 6 piloting and provide an overview of our insights from broad and deep stakeholder consultations, including the views of buyer countries, host countries and project developers