Des odeurs pour protéger les cultures (utilisation de composés volatils pour modifier le comportement de la mouche du chou, Delia radicum et de ses ennemis naturels)

Les recherches menées au cours des dernières années ont permis de mettre en évidence les nombreuses fonctions écologiques des composés organiques volatils (COVs) émis par les plantes. Cette thèse a eu pour objectif d'utiliser ces connaissances dans un cadre de protection des cultures. Nous avons essayé de poser les bases d'une stratégie de type Push-Pull contre la mouche du chou (Delia radicum) en utilisant des sources d'odeurs synthétiques (diffuseurs de COVs) ou des sources d'odeurs naturelles (plantes compagnes). A partir d'observations menées en plein champ nous avons sélectionné plusieurs brassicacées présentant des taux d'infestations contrastés vis-à-vis de la mouche du chou. Des expérimentations de laboratoires combinant des études comportementales et des analyses chromatographiques ont permis (i) d'établir un lien entre l'infestation et l'attractivité de certaines plantes (ii) d'identifier de nouveaux COVs potentiellement impliqués dans les prises de décisions comportementales de D. radicum. En parallèle, des études de terrain ont permis de tester l'efficacité de diffuseurs de COVs synthétiques au sein de parcelles expérimentales, que ce soit (i) pour favoriser le recrutement d'ennemis naturels (ii) attirer (composante Pull ) ou repousser (composante Push ) la mouche du chou. Enfin, l'utilisation de plantes pièges concentrant le ravageur semble être intéressante pour modifier la répartition de la mouche du chou à l'échelle de la parcelle en vue de protéger des cultures d'intérêt telles que le brocoli.Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by plants are used by phytophagous, predatory and parasitoid insects to adjust behavioral decisions in complex environments. We aimed at using these ecological functions of VOCs in crop protection. We developed the first steps of a "Push-Pull" strategy toward the cabbage root fly (Delia radicum) with both dispensers of synthetic VOCs and natural blends of VOCs released by plants. We conducted a field study to select brassicaceous plants exhibiting contrasted levels of infestation toward the cabbage root fly. Laboratory bioassays combining behavioral observations and gas chromatographic analyses allowed to (i) investigate the relation between plant infestation and plant attractiveness (ii) identify novel VOCs involved in behavioral decisions of the cabbage root fly. Parallel field experiments were used to test the potential of dispensers of synthetic VOCs to (i) enhance natural enemies recruitment (ii) modify cabbage root fly behavior, attracting ("Pull" component) or repelling the pest ("Push" component). Finally, we demonstrated that attractive plants are promising for a trap crop approach enabling to redistribute cabbage root fly density at the field scale in order to protect main crop such as broccoli.RENNES1-Bibl. électronique (352382106) / SudocSudocFranceF

Relative contribution of high and low elevation soil microbes and nematodes to ecosystem functioning

1. Ecosystem productivity is largely dependent on soil nutrient cycling which, in turn, is driven by decomposition rates governed by locally adapted below-ground microbial and soil communities. How climate change will impact soil biota and the associated ecosystem functioning, however, remains largely an open question. 2. To address this gap, we first characterized differences in soil microbial and nematode communities as well as functional characteristics from soils collected from the foothills or in sub-alpine elevations of the Alps. We next performed a full-factorial reciprocal transplant common garden experiment at two elevations, and asked whether elevation-related functional and taxonomic differences are maintained or can be altered depending on the local climatic conditions. For this, we separately transplanted soil microbial and nematode communities from low and high elevation in their home or opposite elevation in pots added with a common plant community. 3. We found evidence for taxonomic and functional differentiation of the microbial and nematode communities when collected at high or low elevation. Specifically, we observed a decrease in microbial diversity and activity at high elevation, and additionally, through nematodes' functional characterization, we found increased fungal-dominated energy channels at high elevation. 4. Moreover, according to the reciprocal transplant experiment, while we found little effect of soil biodiversity change based on elevation of origin on plant growth and plant community composition, soils inoculated with microbes originating from low elevation respired more than those originating from high elevation, particularly when at low elevation. This observation correlates well with the observed faster carbon degradation rates by the low elevation microbial communities. 5. Climate change can reshuffle soil communities depending on organism-specific variation in range expansion, ultimately affecting soil fertility and carbon-cycle dynamics

Earthworms affect plant growth and resistance against herbivores:A meta‐analysis

1. Subterranean detritivores such as earthworms can increase soil nutrient availability through their burrowing and casting activities. A number of recent studies have explored whether these changes caused by earthworms may in turn affect plant performance and resistance to herbivores, but no formal synthesis of this literature has been conducted to date. 2. We tested for the effects of earthworms on plant growth, resistance and chemical defences against insect herbivores by performing a meta-analysis of the existing literature up to 2016. We also explored ecological factors that might explain among-studies variation in the magnitude of the earthworm effects on plant growth and resistance. 3. We found that earthworm presence increases plant growth (by 20%) and nitrogen content (by 11%). Overall, earthworms did not affect plant resistance against chewing herbivores (caterpillars, slugs and rootworms), and even led to a 22% decrease in plant resistance against phloem-feeding herbivores (aphids). However, earthworm presence increased production of chemical defences by 31% when plants where attacked by cell-feeders (thrips), and resulted in an 81% increase in resistance against thrips. The magnitude of earthworm effects was stronger when earthworm inoculations consisted of a mix of species and ecological types, and when densities of earthworms were high. 4. These results suggest that earthworm presence is an important factor underlying natural variation in plant defences against herbivores, and call for a better integration of the soil fauna in the studies of plant-herbivore interaction, both for applied and fundamental research

Crop protection with plant odors : behavioural maipulation of the cabbage root fly, Delia radicum, and natural enemies based on volatil organic compounds

Les recherches menées au cours des dernières années ont permis de mettre en évidence les nombreuses fonctions écologiques des composés organiques volatils (COVs) émis par les plantes. Cette thèse a eu pour objectif d'utiliser ces connaissances dans un cadre de protection des cultures. Nous avons essayé de poser les bases d'une stratégie de type « Push-Pull » contre la mouche du chou (Delia radicum) en utilisant des sources d'odeurs synthétiques (diffuseurs de COVs) ou des sources d'odeurs naturelles (plantes compagnes). A partir d'observations menées en plein champ nous avons sélectionné plusieurs brassicacées présentant des taux d'infestations contrastés vis-à-vis de la mouche du chou. Des expérimentations de laboratoires combinant des études comportementales et des analyses chromatographiques ont permis (i) d'établir un lien entre l'infestation et l'attractivité de certaines plantes (ii) d'identifier de nouveaux COVs potentiellement impliqués dans les prises de décisions comportementales de D. radicum. En parallèle, des études de terrain ont permis de tester l'efficacité de diffuseurs de COVs synthétiques au sein de parcelles expérimentales, que ce soit (i) pour favoriser le recrutement d'ennemis naturels (ii) attirer (composante « Pull ») ou repousser (composante « Push ») la mouche du chou. Enfin, l'utilisation de plantes pièges concentrant le ravageur semble être intéressante pour modifier la répartition de la mouche du chou à l'échelle de la parcelle en vue de protéger des cultures d'intérêt telles que le brocoli.Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by plants are used by phytophagous, predatory and parasitoid insects to adjust behavioral decisions in complex environments. We aimed at using these ecological functions of VOCs in crop protection. We developed the first steps of a "Push-Pull" strategy toward the cabbage root fly (Delia radicum) with both dispensers of synthetic VOCs and natural blends of VOCs released by plants. We conducted a field study to select brassicaceous plants exhibiting contrasted levels of infestation toward the cabbage root fly. Laboratory bioassays combining behavioral observations and gas chromatographic analyses allowed to (i) investigate the relation between plant infestation and plant attractiveness (ii) identify novel VOCs involved in behavioral decisions of the cabbage root fly. Parallel field experiments were used to test the potential of dispensers of synthetic VOCs to (i) enhance natural enemies recruitment (ii) modify cabbage root fly behavior, attracting ("Pull" component) or repelling the pest ("Push" component). Finally, we demonstrated that attractive plants are promising for a trap crop approach enabling to redistribute cabbage root fly density at the field scale in order to protect main crop such as broccoli

Des odeurs pour protéger les cultures : utilisation de composés volatils pour modifier le comportement de la mouche du chou, Delia radicum et de ses ennemis naturels

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by plants are used by phytophagous, predatory and parasitoid insects to adjust behavioral decisions in complex environments. We aimed at using these ecological functions of VOCs in crop protection. We developed the first steps of a "Push-Pull" strategy toward the cabbage root fly (Delia radicum) with both dispensers of synthetic VOCs and natural blends of VOCs released by plants. We conducted a field study to select brassicaceous plants exhibiting contrasted levels of infestation toward the cabbage root fly. Laboratory bioassays combining behavioral observations and gas chromatographic analyses allowed to (i) investigate the relation between plant infestation and plant attractiveness (ii) identify novel VOCs involved in behavioral decisions of the cabbage root fly. Parallel field experiments were used to test the potential of dispensers of synthetic VOCs to (i) enhance natural enemies recruitment (ii) modify cabbage root fly behavior, attracting ("Pull" component) or repelling the pest ("Push" component). Finally, we demonstrated that attractive plants are promising for a trap crop approach enabling to redistribute cabbage root fly density at the field scale in order to protect main crop such as broccoli.Les recherches menées au cours des dernières années ont permis de mettre en évidence les nombreuses fonctions écologiques des composés organiques volatils (COVs) émis par les plantes. Cette thèse a eu pour objectif d'utiliser ces connaissances dans un cadre de protection des cultures. Nous avons essayé de poser les bases d'une stratégie de type « Push-Pull » contre la mouche du chou (Delia radicum) en utilisant des sources d'odeurs synthétiques (diffuseurs de COVs) ou des sources d'odeurs naturelles (plantes compagnes). A partir d'observations menées en plein champ nous avons sélectionné plusieurs brassicacées présentant des taux d'infestations contrastés vis-à-vis de la mouche du chou. Des expérimentations de laboratoires combinant des études comportementales et des analyses chromatographiques ont permis (i) d'établir un lien entre l'infestation et l'attractivité de certaines plantes (ii) d'identifier de nouveaux COVs potentiellement impliqués dans les prises de décisions comportementales de D. radicum. En parallèle, des études de terrain ont permis de tester l'efficacité de diffuseurs de COVs synthétiques au sein de parcelles expérimentales, que ce soit (i) pour favoriser le recrutement d'ennemis naturels (ii) attirer (composante « Pull ») ou repousser (composante « Push ») la mouche du chou. Enfin, l'utilisation de plantes pièges concentrant le ravageur semble être intéressante pour modifier la répartition de la mouche du chou à l'échelle de la parcelle en vue de protéger des cultures d'intérêt telles que le brocoli

Impact of two ant species on egg parasitoids released as part of a biological control program

Biological control using Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), an egg parasitoid wasp, was tested in Uruguay to reduce populations of lepidopteran pests on soybeans. It was observed that the commercial parasitoid dispensers, which were made of cardboard, were vulnerable to small predators that succeeded in entering and emptying the containers of all the eggs parasitized by T. pretiosum. Observations in a soybean crop showed that the only small, common predators present were two ant species. The species responsible for the above mentioned predation was determined from the results of a laboratory experiment in which the behavior of the two common ants was tested. A modification of the dispensers to prevent introduction of this ant has been proposed and successfully tested in the laboratory and in the field

Toward « Push-Pull » strategy to protect Brassiaceae against cabbage root fly

International audienc

Using HIPV’s to manipulate multitrophic interactions and improve crop protection

International audienc

First steps to the development of a « Push-Pull » strategy to protect broccoli plants against the cabbage root fly

International audienc

Root feeders induce volatiles attracting predators

International audienc