FRAMED BY PRIVILEGE: PERPETUATING AND RESISTING WHITE SUPREMACY IN WHITE, MIDDLE-CLASS PARENTING

Parenting is a primary site for the socialization of young children, including socialization around issues of race and racism. Giving careful attention to the implications of a socially privileged racial status, this study draws on the personal narratives of three White, middle-class, heterosexual mothers living in Chicago to improve understanding of White, middle-class parenting around issues of race and racism and to critically examine the ways parenting practices relate to larger social Discourses in the United States that perpetuate or disrupt White supremacy. When parenting around issues of race and racism, mothers adherent to White supremacy typically abandoned parenting strategies they found consistently successful for supporting their children\u27s adoption of specific values in more general parenting contexts. However, women with a broader understanding of racism and with an awareness of children as racially aware and engaged beings were more likely to rebuke racism and seek to enact anti-racist parenting strategies

Effects of Hydroelectric Dam Operation on Downstream Fish Populations

Naturally flowing rivers form a longitudinal gradient of physical conditions to which fish communities are adapted. Hydroelectric dams disrupt the river continuum, resulting in alterations to downstream hydrologic and thermal characteristics. Changes in physical conditions downstream from hydroelectric dams can have a variety of effects on local fish populations. However, the tendency for biological responses to be species- and system-specific complicates the development of broadly applicable management strategies. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct long-term, large-scale studies on the impacts of river regulation under different hydroelectric dam operating regimes, and to investigate the impacts on multiple species within a given system. In this thesis I report data from two long-term, large-scale field studies (in northern Ontario and northern Norway), and investigate the impacts of river regulation on downstream fish. Specifically, the effects of river regulation on an important recreational fish, Salvelinus fontinalis, the forage fish community (Cottus cognatus, Rhinichthys cataractae, and Percopsis omiscomaycus), the coldwater fish guild, and native-invasive species interactions (Coregonus lavaretus and Coregonus albula, respectively) are studied. Indicators of fish health used to assess the effects include growth, condition, survival, thermal habitat and field metabolism. Potential driving forces such as changes to river discharge and water temperature are investigated to identify the causal mechanisms behind the effects on fish health. Fish growth was higher in a northern Ontario river with a 15 MW hydropeaking dam, relative to a nearby naturally flowing river, regardless of the dam operating regime. Condition and survival varied between and among species, and between the regulated and naturally flowing river. S. alpinus exhibited a higher field metabolic rate in the regulated river, which was positively correlated with time spent hydropeaking. The higher growth in the regulated river was likely a result of system-specific food increases resulting from impoundment, hydropeaking, or a combination of both, while the varying responses in condition and survival were likely driven by species and life-stage specific differences in behaviour, access to food and increased energetic costs associated with daily hydropeaking. Thermal habitat differed among the two coldwater species evaluated and is likely related to species-specific temperature preferences and behaviour. Hydrologic and thermal indices explained little of the variation in fish growth, likely as a result of both the indirect and interacting effects associated with altering river discharge and temperature. In a regulated system in northern Norway, the availability of different thermal habitats influenced the success of the invasive C. albula. Stable isotope evidence suggested that thermal habitat partitioning was occurring in a site where C. albula and C. lavaretus coexist, while dietary resource partitioning was occurring in a site where C. albula were outcompeting C. lavaretus, relegating them to the littoral zone. This thesis highlights the variation in biological responses to river regulation amongst species and within systems, providing evidence for the species-specific effects of hydroelectric dam operation. The potential for both direct and indirect impacts, and the complexity of biological responses within the forage fish community, the coldwater fish guild, and between native and invasive species, necessitates the use of multiple species and multiple indicators of fish health to thoroughly characterize the effects of river regulation on fish species. Given the different habitat and temperature preferences and behavioural patterns exhibited within the fish community, it is important to manage river environments not just for specific thresholds, but to ensure the availability of a variety of different flow and thermal habitats. Maintaining the availability of a variety of habitats within the riverine environment should be considered as an important component of river management strategies

Prospectus, October 12, 2016

PARKLAND OFFERS DEPRESSION SCREENINGS; Meet the Staff: Kelly Youngblood; Seamus Reilly; Vice President for Institutional Advancements, Irish singer; Survey, Mapping Career Fair set for Oct. 20; Clown hysteria spreading, Illinois not immune; Pennies for Pumpkins 2016; Parkland police stress safety for campus; Prospectus editor visits Bloomington Zoo; Notice to faculty, students regarding final exams; Prospectus staff attends Illinois Community College Journalism Association Conferencehttps://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_2016/1024/thumbnail.jp

Low particulate carbon to nitrogen ratios in marine surface waters of the Arctic

During the Canada Three Oceans and Joint Ocean Ice Study projects in the summers of 2007 and 2008, we measured particulate organic carbon to nitrogen ratios (POC:PON) throughout the euphotic zone in subarctic and arctic waters. Depth-integrated values averaged 2.65 (±0.19) in the Beaufort Sea and Canada Basin (BS-CB domain), and were much lower than both the Redfield ratio (6.6) and the average ratios (3.9 to 5.6) measured across other arctic-subarctic domains. Average uptake ratios of C and N (ρC:ρN) were also lower (0.87±0.14) in BS-CB than in the other four domains (2.10 to 3.51). Decreasing POC:PON ratios were associated with low concentrations of phytoplankton C, reduced abundance of biogenic silica (bSiO2), a smaller relative contribution of the >5 µm fraction to total chlorophyll a and a larger relative contribution of small flagellates (<8 µm) to phytoplankton C. In the subsurface chlorophyll a maximum (SCM) within the BS-CB domain, phytoplankton C represented only ~13% of POC, and therefore low POC:PON may be influenced by the presence of heterotrophic microbes. These ratios are supported by data obtained during other arctic programs in 2006, 2008 and 2009. Previous work has suggested a link between freshening of surface waters and increasing dominance of picophytoplankton and bacterioplankton in the Canada Basin, and the low POC:PON ratios measured during this study may be a consequence of this shift. Our results have ramifications for the conversion between C- and N-based estimates of primary productivity, and for biogeochemical modeling of marine arctic waters.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Chemical abundance gradients from open clusters in the Milky Way disk: results from the APOGEE survey

Metallicity gradients provide strong constraints for understanding the chemical evolution of the Galaxy. We report on radial abundance gradients of Fe, Ni, Ca, Si, and Mg obtained from a sample of 304 red-giant members of 29 disk open clusters, mostly concentrated at galactocentric distances between ~8 - 15 kpc, but including two open clusters in the outer disk. The observations are from the APOGEE survey. The chemical abundances were derived automatically by the ASPCAP pipeline and these are part of the SDSS III Data Release 12. The gradients, obtained from least squares fits to the data, are relatively flat, with slopes ranging from -0.026 to -0.033 dex/kpc for the alpha-elements [O/H], [Ca/H], [Si/H] and [Mg/H] and -0.035 dex/kpc and -0.040 dex/kpc for [Fe/H] and [Ni/H], respectively. Our results are not at odds with the possibility that metallicity ([Fe/H]) gradients are steeper in the inner disk (R_GC ~7 - 12 kpc) and flatter towards the outer disk. The open cluster sample studied spans a significant range in age. When breaking the sample into age bins, there is some indication that the younger open cluster population in our sample (log age < 8.7) has a flatter metallicity gradient when compared with the gradients obtained from older open clusters.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, To appear in Astronomische Nachrichten, special issue "Reconstruction the Milky Way's History: Spectroscopic surveys, Asteroseismology and Chemo-dynamical models", Guest Editors C. Chiappini, J. Montalb\'an, and M. Steffen, AN 2016 (in press)

The Open Cluster Chemical Analysis and Mapping Survey: Local Galactic Metallicity Gradient with APOGEE using SDSS DR10

The Open Cluster Chemical Analysis and Mapping (OCCAM) Survey aims to produce a comprehensive, uniform, infrared-based dataset for hundreds of open clusters, and constrain key Galactic dynamical and chemical parameters from this sample. This first contribution from the OCCAM survey presents analysis of 141 members stars in 28 open clusters with high-resolution metallicities derived from a large uniform sample collected as part of the SDSS-III/Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE). This sample includes the first high-resolution metallicity measurements for 22 open clusters. With this largest ever uniformly observed sample of open cluster stars we investigate the Galactic disk gradients of both [M/H] and [alpha/M]. We find basically no gradient across this range in [alpha/M], but [M/H] does show a gradient for R_{GC} < 10 kpc and a significant flattening beyond R_{GC} = 10 kpc. In particular, whereas fitting a single linear trend yields an [M/H] gradient of -0.09 +/- 0.03$ dex/kpc --- similar to previously measure gradients inside 13 kpc --- by independently fitting inside and outside 10 kpc separately we find a significantly steeper gradient near the Sun (7.9 <= R_{GC} <= 10) than previously found (-0.20 +/- 0.08 dex/kpc) and a nearly flat trend beyond 10 kpc (-0.02 +/- 0.09 dex/kpc).Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, ApJ letters, in pres

Low particulate carbon to nitrogen ratios in marine surface waters of the Arctic

During the Canada Three Oceans and Joint Ocean Ice Study projects in the summers of 2007 and 2008, we measured particulate organic carbon to nitrogen ratios (POC:PON) throughout the euphotic zone in subarctic and arctic waters. Depth-integrated values averaged 2.65 (±0.19) in the Beaufort Sea and Canada Basin (BS-CB domain), and were much lower than both the Redfield ratio (6.6) and the average ratios (3.9 to 5.6) measured across other arctic-subarctic domains. Average uptake ratios of C and N (ρC:ρN) were also lower (0.87±0.14) in BS-CB than in the other four domains (2.10 to 3.51). Decreasing POC:PON ratios were associated with low concentrations of phytoplankton C, reduced abundance of biogenic silica (bSiO2), a smaller relative contribution of the >5 µm fraction to total chlorophyll a and a larger relative contribution of small flagellates (<8 µm) to phytoplankton C. In the subsurface chlorophyll a maximum (SCM) within the BS-CB domain, phytoplankton C represented only ~13% of POC, and therefore low POC:PON may be influenced by the presence of heterotrophic microbes. These ratios are supported by data obtained during other arctic programs in 2006, 2008 and 2009. Previous work has suggested a link between freshening of surface waters and increasing dominance of picophytoplankton and bacterioplankton in the Canada Basin, and the low POC:PON ratios measured during this study may be a consequence of this shift. Our results have ramifications for the conversion between C- and N-based estimates of primary productivity, and for biogeochemical modeling of marine arctic waters.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Syntheses, characterization, density functional theory calculations, and activity of tridentate SNS zinc pincer complexes

A series of tridentate SNS ligand precursors were metallated with ZnCl2 to give new tridentate SNS pincer zinc complexes. The zinc complexes serve as models for the zinc active site in liver alcohol dehydrogenase (LADH) and were characterized with single crystal X-ray diffraction, 1H, 13C, and HSQC NMR spectroscopies and electrospray mass spectrometry. The bond lengths and bond angles of the zinc complexes correlate well to those in horse LADH. The zinc complexes feature SNS donor atoms and pseudotetrahedral geometry about the zinc center, as is seen for liver alcohol dehydrogenase. The SNS ligand precursors were characterized with 1H, 13C, and HSQC NMR spectroscopies and cyclic voltammetry, and were found to be redox active. Gaussian calculations were performed and agree quite well with the experimentally observed oxidation potential for the pincer ligand. The zinc complexes were screened for the reduction of electron poor aldehydes in the presence of a hydrogen donor, 1-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide (BNAH). The zinc complexes enhance the reduction of electron poor aldehydes. Density functional theory calculations were performed to better understand why the geometry about the zinc center is pseudo-tetrahedral rather than pseudo-square planar, which is seen for most pincer complexes. For the SNS tridentate pincer complexes, the data indicate that the pseudo-tetrahedral geometry was 43.8 kcal/mol more stable than the pseudo-square planar geometry. Density functional theory calculations were also performed on zinc complexes with monodentate ligands and the data indicate that the pseudo-tetrahedral geometry was 30.6 kcal/mol more stable than pseudo-square planar geometry. Overall, the relative stabilities of the pseudo-tetrahedral and pseudo-square planar systems are the same for this coordination environment whether the ligand set is a single tridentate SNS system or is broken into three separate units. The preference of a d10 Zn center to attain a tetrahedral local environment trumps any stabilization gained by removal of constraints within the ligand set

Long-term ocean and resource dynamics in a hotspot of climate change

Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu CEX2019-000940-MThe abundance, distribution, and size of marine species are linked to temperature and nutrient regimes and are profoundly affected by humans through exploitation and climate change. Yet little is known about long-term historical links between ocean environmental changes and resource abundance to provide context for current and potential future trends and inform conservation and management. We synthesize >4000 years of climate and marine ecosystem dynamics in a Northwest Atlantic region currently undergoing rapid changes, the Gulf of Maine and Scotian Shelf. This period spans the late Holocene cooling and recent warming and includes both Indigenous and European influence. We compare environmental records from instrumental, sedimentary, coral, and mollusk archives with ecological records from fossils, archaeological, historical, and modern data, and integrate future model projections of environmental and ecosystem changes. This multidisciplinary synthesis provides insight into multiple reference points and shifting baselines of environmental and ecosystem conditions, and projects a near-future departure from natural climate variability in 2028 for the Scotian Shelf and 2034 for the Gulf of Maine. Our work helps advancing integrative end-to-end modeling to improve the predictive capacity of ecosystem forecasts with climate change. Our results can be used to adjust marine conservation strategies and network planning and adapt ecosystem-based management with climate change