Adolescente em conflito com a lei e sua noção de regras no jogo de futsal

Adolescentes com trajetória de vida alicerçada na falta de valores éticos e morais estão mais vulneráveis à prática de atos infracionais. Caso isso ocorra, o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente prevê sua inserção em medidas socioeducativas. Nossa pesquisa tem por objetivo identificar a fase do desenvolvimento moral de adolescentes em conflito com a lei. Para tanto, estudamos 30 adolescentes, entre 15 a 18 anos, do gênero masculino, inseridos em Centro de atendimento socioeducativo. Os dados foram coletados por meio de observação do jogo de futsal, que não contou com a figura do juiz e entrevista estruturada, seguindo-se as linhas gerais do Método Clínico de Piaget (1994). A categorização dos dados coletados confirmou nossa hipótese - de que esses adolescentes, ainda, se encontram com características de uma moral heteronõmica, verificadas pelas diferenças entre a consciência e a prática de regras na situação de jogo. Apesar de conhecerem as regras, durante a partida, somente as respeitam para obterem benefícios, como: não cobrar a falta, enganar o adversário ou, simplesmente, ganhar a partida. Presumimos que somente as respeitariam, caso houvesse a figura de autoridade (juiz), porque esta iria lhes impor punições e privações. Acreditamos, portanto, que os resultados deste estudo possam tornar-se parâmetros para educadores criarem situações propícias, tanto preventivas como interventivas, para o desenvolvimento sociomoral, minimizando, assim, sofrimentos e oportunizando a formação de cidadãos com maior senso ético e moral, capazes de optarem pelo caminho da solidariedade, da cooperação e da justiçaAdolescents with a course of life based on the lack of ethical and moral values are more vulnerable to the practice of infractions, and in this case the statute of the child and adolescent assumes their insertion on socio educative measures. The objective of this research is to identify the moral development phase in adolescents who are in conflict with the law. Thirty male adolescents between fifteen and eighteen years old, who are inserted on the socio educative care Center, were studied. Data were collected through futsal game observation, without the presence of a referee and structured interview, according to the general lines of the Clinical Method of Piaget (1994). The arrangement of the collected data confirmed our hypothesis - these adolescents are still with the characteristics of a heteronomical moral, confirmed by the differences between conscience and the practice of rules in a game situation. Although they know the rules, these are only respected in order to get some benefits, like not charging foul, deceive the opponent or simply win the match. It is presumed that the rules would only be respected in the presence of an authority (referee), because he would impose punishments and privations. However, it is believed that the results of this study may become a parameter to educators in order to create favorable situations which can be preventive and interventive to the socio moral development, minimizing suffering and seizing opportunities to the formation of citizens with higher ethical and moral standards, who are able to choose the way to the solidarity, cooperation and justic

Paleobiology of titanosaurs: reproduction, development, histology, pneumaticity, locomotion and neuroanatomy from the South American fossil record

Fil: García, Rodolfo A.. Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología. Museo Provincial Carlos Ameghino. Cipolletti; ArgentinaFil: Salgado, Leonardo. Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología. General Roca. Río Negro; ArgentinaFil: Fernández, Mariela. Inibioma-Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. Bariloche. Río Negro; ArgentinaFil: Cerda, Ignacio A.. Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología. Museo Provincial Carlos Ameghino. Cipolletti; ArgentinaFil: Carabajal, Ariana Paulina. Museo Carmen Funes. Plaza Huincul. Neuquén; ArgentinaFil: Otero, Alejandro. Museo de La Plata. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Coria, Rodolfo A.. Instituto de Paleobiología y Geología. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Neuquén; ArgentinaFil: Fiorelli, Lucas E.. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica. Anillaco. La Rioja; Argentin

Beyond flows, fluids and networks: Social theory and the fetishism of the global informational economy

In this paper we critically explore some of the arguments made by those social theorists who claim that we live in a new global economy defined by informational and technological flows, fluids and networks. By recourse to Marx's concept of fetishism we argue that these theorists often fetishise the very social changes in the global economy they are trying to describe. As a result, they articulate a ‘flat ontology’ of concrete and contingent relations that mistakenly claims to capture the most important dynamics of global capitalism. We reject this approach, preferring instead to see global capitalism as a dialectical flux between concrete and more abstract processes. These critical points are developed by drawing on Marxism to explore how these social theorists often reproduce unhelpful dualisms in social theory, how they fetishise technology, how some of their arguments run parallel to a management justification logic of the market world and finally how they present a limited explanation of global finance

Limb disparity and wing shape in pterosaurs

The limb proportions of the extinct flying pterosaurs were clearly distinct from their living counterparts, birds and bats. Within pterosaurs, however, we show that further differences in limb proportions exist between the two main groups: the clade of short-tailed Pterodactyloidea and the paraphyletic clades of long-tailed rhamphorhynchoids. The hindlimb to forelimb ratios of rhamphorhynchoid pterosaurs are similar to that seen in bats, whereas those of pterodactyloids are much higher. Such a clear difference in limb ratios indicates that the extent of the wing membrane in rhamphorhynchoids and pterodactyloids may also have differed; this is borne out by simple ternary analyses. Further, analyses also indicate that the limbs of Sordes pilosus, a well-preserved small taxon used as key evidence for inferring the extent and shape of the wing membrane in all pterosaurs, are not typical even of its closest relatives, other rhamphorhynchoids. Thus, a bat-like extensive hindlimb flight membrane, integrated with the feet and tail may be applicable only to a small subset of pterosaur diversity. The range of flight morphologies seen in these extinct reptiles may prove much broader than previously thought.<br/

Improving particulate carbon loss estimates in eroding peatlands through the use of terrestrial laser scanning

Blanket bogs act as the largest terrestrial store of carbon within the UK. Unfortunately many are degraded with exacerbated erosion being common. Although considerable efforts have been made to quantify carbon fluxes across blanket bogs, less attention has focussed on quantifying losses associated with erosion. Traditional approaches to measuring erosion have relied on erosion pins and sediment traps. However, both methods suffer from several problems and are unable to provide data over large areas. Terrestrial laser scanning has been used widely in geomorphology to create detailed 3D topographic maps in a range of environments. A pilot study was carried out over winter 2010-2011 to test the applicability of terrestrial laser scanning to measure erosion across a blanket bog within the North Pennines, UK. The technique was found to be superior to traditional methods providing high resolution spatial data on surface elevation change. A net increase in the peat surface height of 2.5. mm was calculated from the terrestrial laser scans between October 2010 and March 2011. This compares with a net surface lowering of 38. mm measured using pins. These results suggest that previous erosion data from peatland sites based on pin measurements ought to be treated with caution. However, several improvements are required to the laser scanning technique before it is fully implemented in peatland environments including the development of a filter to remove vegetation from the scan results, and taking account of 'mire-breathing' which can cause surface level rise and fall in peatlands. It is clear that once these factors are dealt with, regular repeated ground based laser scanning will vastly improve our understanding of the role of processes that affect the surface elevation of peatlands including the relative roles of storm events and long-term seasonal cycles, and 'roughening' of the peat surface as a result of needle-ice formation, desiccation and wind-scouring