Eye-Tracking Evidence for Integration Cost Effects in Corpus Data

We tested the predictions of Dependency Locality Theory (DLT), a theory of linguistic processing complexity, against reading time data extracted from a large eye-tracking corpus. DLT predicts differences in processing complexity for subject and non-subject relative clauses. We found elevated reading times on two distinct regions of these relative clauses, in line with the complexity effects predicted by DLT. We also found that transitional probability has an effect on reading time in these two regions, independent of the DLT effect. We argue our approach provides an important new way of testing sen-tence processing theories by evaluating them against reading data obtained from an eye-tracking corpus of naturally occur-ring text

A psycholinguistically motivated version of TAG

We propose a psycholinguistically moti-vated version of TAG which is designed to model key properties of human sentence processing, viz., incrementality, connect-edness, and prediction. We use findings from human experiments to motivate an in-cremental grammar formalism that makes it possible to build fully connected struc-tures on a word-by-word basis. A key idea of the approach is to explicitly model the prediction of upcoming material and the subsequent verification and integration pro-cesses. We also propose a linking theory that links the predictions of our formalism to experimental data such as reading times, and illustrate how it can capture psycholin-guistic results on the processing of either... or structures and relative clauses.

Chemical composition and technofunctional properties of carrot (Daucus carota L.) pomace and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) pulp as affected by thermomechanical treatment

Fiber rich by-products derived from primary agri-food production such as carrot pomace and potato pulp are available in large quantities, but their functional properties do not necessarily meet the requirements for use in specific food applications. Thermomechanical treatment (extrusion) of carrot pomace and potato pulp changes both dietary fiber polysaccharide structures and technofunctionality of the materials. Solubility of dietary fiber constituents changes, resulting in higher levels of water- and ethanol-soluble poly-/oligosaccharides. On a structural level, particularly arabinans and galactans as neutral side chains of type I rhamnogalacturonan were degraded under thermomechanical stress. Galacturonic acid portions (preferably from homogalacturonan or rhamnogalacturonan I) and their degree of methylation were also negatively affected. On a functional level, water absorption of potato pulp increased up to three times following extrusion, whereas water absorption of carrot pomace decreased with extrusion processing. The observed, enhanced swelling behavior for extruded carrot pomace was accompanied by higher complex viscosity of the dispersions. Swelling of potato pulp particles increased largely (up to 25 times) following extrusion, resulting in highly viscous pastes. Phytochemicals were retained up to 50%, heat-induced contaminants were formed only to a small extent (up to 8.1 mg 5-hydroxymethylfurfural·kg− 1 dry matter for carrot pomace; up to 71 µg acrylamide·kg$^{− 1}$ dry matter for potato pulp)

El Trabajo Social en la República Checa

L’objectiu d’aquest capítol es analitzar la situació del treball social a la República Txeca a escala pràctica, teòrica i d’investigació. S’emfasitza en les conseqüències del desenvolupament de la societat moderna en la teoria i pràctica del treball social. Es descriu el procés d’una transformació en els serveis socials i la seva influència en la identitat professional i l’estatus dels treballadors socials, els quals s’han d’adaptar als riscos plantejats pels creixents nivells d’estandardització, enfocament procedimentals i economització.The aim of this chapter is to analyse the situation of social work in the Czech Republic at the levels of practice, theories and research. The main emphasis is put on the consequences of the development of modern society for the theory and practice of social work. The process of a transformation of social services is described, and its influences on the professional identity and status of social workers, who have to adapt to the risks posed by the increasing levels of standardisation, procedural approaches, and economisation.El objetivo de este capítulo es analizar la situación del trabajo social en la República Checa a escala práctica, teórica y de investigación. Se enfatiza en las consecuencias del desarrollo de la sociedad moderna en la teoría y práctica del trabajo social. Se describe el proceso de una transformación en los servicios sociales y su influencia en la identidad profesional y el estatus de los trabajadores sociales, quienes deben adaptarse a los riesgos planteados por los crecientes niveles de estandarización, enfoques procedimentales y economización

Biodegradability of DBP precursors after drinking water ozonation

Ozonation is known to generate biodegradable organic matter, which is typically reduced by biological filtration to avoid bacterial regrowth in distribution systems. Post-chlorination generates halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) but little is known about the biodegradability of their precursors. This study determined the effect of ozonation and biofiltration conditions, specifically ozone exposure and empty bed contact time (EBCT), on the control of DBP formation potentials in drinking water. Ozone exposure was varied through addition of H2O2 during ozonation at 1 mgO3/mgDOC followed by biological filtration using either activated carbon (BAC) or anthracite. Ozonation led to a 10% decrease in dissolved organic carbon (DOC), without further improvement from H2O2 addition. Raising H2O2 concentrations from 0 to 2 mmol/mmolO3 resulted in increased DBP formation potentials during post-chlorination of the ozonated water (target Cl2 residual after 24\ua0h\ua0=\ua01-2\ua0mg/L) as follows: 4 trihalomethanes (THM4, 37%), 8 haloacetic acids (HAA8, 44%), chloral hydrate (CH, 107%), 2 haloketones (HK2, 97%), 4 haloacetonitriles (HAN4, 33%), trichloroacetamide (TCAM, 43%), and adsorbable organic halogen (AOX, 27%), but a decrease in the concentrations of 2 trihalonitromethanes (THNM2, 43%). Coupling ozonation with biofiltration prior to chlorination effectively lowered the formation potentials of all DBPs including CH, HK2, and THNM2, all of which increased after ozonation. The dynamics of DBP formation potentials during BAC filtration at different EBCTs followed first-order reaction kinetics. Minimum steady-state concentrations were attained at an EBCT of about 10-20\ua0min, depending on the DBP species. The rate of reduction in DBP formation potentials varied among individual species before reaching their minimum concentrations. CH, HK2, and THNM2 had the highest rate constants of between 0.5 and 0.6 min(-1) followed by HAN4 (0.4 min(-1)), THM4 (0.3 min(-1)), HAA8 (0.2 min(-1)), and AOX (0.1 min(-1)). At an EBCT of 15\ua0min, the reduction in formation potential for most DBPs was less than 50% but was higher than 70% for CH, HK2, and THNM2. The formation of bromine-containing DBPs increased with increasing EBCT, most likely due to an increase in Br(-)/DOC ratio. Overall, this study demonstrated that the combination of ozonation and biofiltration is an effective approach to mitigate DBP formation during drinking water treatment

Interfacial N Vacancies in GaN/(Al,Ga)N/GaN Heterostructures

We show that N-polar GaN/(Al, Ga)N/GaN heterostructures exhibit significant N deficiency at the bottom (Al, Ga)N/GaN interface, and that these N vacancies are responsible for the trapping of holes observed in unoptimized N-polar GaN/(Al, Ga)N/GaN high electron mobility transistors. We arrive at this conclusion by performing positron annihilation experiments on GaN/(Al, Ga)N/GaN heterostructures of both N and Ga polarity, as well as state-of-the-art theoretical calculations of the positron states and positron-electron annihilation signals. We suggest that the occurrence of high interfacial N vacancy concentrations is a universal property of nitride semiconductor heterostructures at net negative polarization interfaces.Peer reviewe