Arc Magmas from Slab to Eruption: The Case of Kliuchevskoy Volcano

Arc magmas are generated by a number of mantle and crustal processes. Our multidisciplinary, long-term research is aimed at deciphering these processes for a single arc volcano, Kliuchevskoy volcano in Kamchatka. Some key results of the study follow: 1) Modeling of trace element and H2O contents in melt inclusions suggests that the primary magmas originate via hydrous flux-melting of the mantle wedge at temperatures close to the dry peridotite solidus. The role of decompression melting is minor or absent at Kliuchevskoy and other arc volcanoes built on relatively thick crust. 2) Geochemistry of high-Mg olivine suggests that primary Kliuchevskoy magmas have substantial contribution from olivine-free pyroxenite (up to 30 %), which could be formed by reaction of slab melts (or supercritical fluids) with mantle wedge peridotite. 3) Parental Kliuchevskoy melts start to crystallize as deep as the Moho boundary, and the erupted magmas reflect multistage and complex processes of crystallization, magma mixing and crustal assimilation. None of the Kliuchevskoy rocks analyzed thus far represent true primary melt compositions. 4) The Kliuchevskoy Holocene eruptive history is not steady-state in terms of eruption rate and geochemistry. There are two millenial cycles with major and trace element and OSr- Nd-Pb and U-series isotope compositions of the magmas changing gradually from more to less affected by crustal (?) assimilation. The onset of the cycles correlates with periods of enhanced volcanic activity in Kamchatka, suggesting that the extent of magma-crust interaction is inversely related to magma production rate and thus magma flux from the mantle

Examining Canonical Theories of U-series Disequilibria in Volcanic Arcs in Light of a More Comprehensive, Global Database

Disequilibrium in the short-lived U-series isotopic system occurs during partial melting, differentiation, and volatile transport; therefore, the U-series decay chain is a unique tool to examine the magnitude and timing of magmatic processes. However, our understanding of U-series fractionation in subduction zones is incomplete. We use published data from volcanoes around the world and new data from volcanic systems in the Kamchatka Arc (Bezymianny, Klyuchevskoy, and Karymsky) to examine two theories regarding the behavior of U-series nuclides: 1) that Th-excess in arc magmas, (230Th)/(238U) >1, is a function of arc-thickness/garnet in the melting region, or magnetite fractionation and 2) that 210Pb deficits, (210Pb)/(226Ra) <1, are the result of continuous magma degassing. Our results show that neither of these theories explains the complete dataset produced by the U-series community. Th-excess is generally observed in MORB and attributed to decompression melting; however, global data also record Th-excess in fluid-fluxed subduction zones. Limited experimental data suggest preferential U transport over Th in subduction zone fluids and, therefore, U-excess rather than Th-excess should exist in arcs. The common explanation for arc Th-excess is melt interaction with thick continental crust where phases such as garnet retain high U/Th in crystalline residues. We record Th-excess at Bezymianny, (230Th)/(238U) from 1.04-1.06 and Klyuchevskoy, (230Th)/(238U) from 1.01 and 1.08, volcanoes, which are located on relatively thin (~35 km), primitive crust. These magmas have low Sr/Y (15.5-19.9) that preclude a significant influence of garnet. In addition, LA-ICP-MS measurements of in-situ U and Th mineral-melt partitioning on erupted mineral phases (plagioclase, pyroxene, Fe-Ti oxides, apatite) suggest that U-series disequilibria are transparent to shallow crustal processing. Th-excess at Klyuchevskoy inversely correlates with Ba/Th, Sr/Th, Dy/Yb, and Ce/Pb. We suggest that Th-excess is a function of decompression mantle melting beneath arcs and/or phase fractionation by lower crustal mineral assemblages. 210Pb deficits are interpreted as the result of 222Rn gas loss in magmatic systems. With 222Rn loss, the daughter product, 210Pb, cannot grow into magma. Two published models (Gauthier and Condomines 1999 and Condomines et al. 2010) simulate this process where the magnitude of 210Pb deficit increases with the duration of degassing. We record 210Pb deficits at Bezymianny and Karymsky volcanoes (0.846-0.966). However, for known eruption intervals, these 210Pb deficits are larger than current models predict. If physical constraints for gas behavior in magma are added to these models, the problem is magnified. Our results highlight a need for studies quantifying the fractionation of U-series nuclides among all phases (crystals, melts, and volatiles) relevant to subduction zones. Primitive, thin volcanic arcs that have a well-characterized volcanic history through time, similar to the Kamchatka Arc, are ideal places to begin

Intercomparison of the Radio-Chronometric Ages of Plutonium-Certified Reference Materials with Distinct Isotopic Compositions

An intercomparison of the radio-chronometric ages of four distinct plutonium-certified reference materials varying in chemical form, isotopic composition, and period of production are presented. The cross-comparison of the different 234U/238Pu, 235U/239Pu, 236U/240Pu, and 241Am/241Pu model purification ages obtained at four independent analytical facilities covering a range of laboratory environments from bulk sample processing to clean facilities dedicated to nuclear forensic investigation of environmental samples enables a true assessment of the state-of-practice in “age dating capabilities” for nuclear materials. The analytical techniques evaluated used modern mass spectrometer instrumentation including thermal ionization mass spectrometers and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometers for isotopic abundance measurements. Both multicollector and single collector instruments were utilized to generate the data presented here. Consensus values established in this study make it possible to use these isotopic standards as quality control standards for radio-chronometry applications. Results highlight the need for plutonium isotopic standards that are certified for 234U/238Pu, 235U/239Pu, 236U/240Pu, and 241Am/241Pu model purification ages as well as other multigenerational radio-chronometers such as 237Np/241Pu. Due to the capabilities of modern analytical instrumentation, analytical laboratories that focus on trace level analyses can obtain model ages with marginally larger uncertainties than laboratories that handle bulk samples. When isotope ratio measurement techniques like thermal ionization mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with comparable precision are utilized, model purification ages with similar uncertainties are obtained.JRC.G.II.6-Nuclear Safeguards and Forensic

210Pb-226Ra disequilibria in young gas-laden magmas

We present new U- Th- Ra- Pb and supporting data for young lavas from southwest Pacific island arcs, Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland, and Terceira, Azores. The arc lavas have significant U and Ra excesses, whereas those from the ocean islands have moderate Th and Ra excesses, reflecting mantle melting in the presence of a water-rich fluid in the former and mantle melting by decompression in the latter. Differentiation to erupted compositions in both settings appears to have taken no longer than a few millennia. Variations in the (Pb/Ra) 0 values in all settings largely result from degassing processes rather than mineral-melt partitioning. Like most other ocean island basalts, the Terceira basalt has a 210 Pb deficit, which we attribute to ∼8.5 years of steady Rn loss to a CO-rich volatile phase while it traversed the crust. Lavas erupted from water-laden magma systems, including those investigated here, commonly have near equilibrium (Pb/Ra) 0 values. Maintaining these equilibrium values requires minimal persistent loss or accumulation of Rn in a gas phase. We infer that degassing during decompression of water-saturated magmas either causes these magmas to crystallize and stall in reservoirs where they reside under conditions of near stasis, or to quickly rise towards the surface and erupt