Egorov's theorem for transversally elliptic operators on foliated manifolds and noncommutative geodesic flow

The main result of the paper is Egorov's theorem for transversally elliptic operators on compact foliated manifolds. This theorem is applied to describe the noncommutative geodesic flow in noncommutative geometry of Riemannian foliations.Comment: 23 pages, no figures. Completely revised and improved version of dg-ga/970301

Trapping of CDC42 C-terminal variants in the Golgi drives pyrin inflammasome hyperactivation

CDC42-C末端異常症に於ける炎症病態を解明 --ゴルジ体への異常蓄積がパイリンインフラマソーム形成を過剰促進--. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2022-05-02.Mutations in the C-terminal region of the CDC42 gene cause severe neonatal-onset autoinflammation. Effectiveness of IL-1β–blocking therapy indicates that the pathology involves abnormal inflammasome activation; however, the mechanism underlying autoinflammation remains to be elucidated. Using induced-pluripotent stem cells established from patients carrying CDC42[R186C], we found that patient-derived cells secreted larger amounts of IL-1β in response to pyrin-activating stimuli. Aberrant palmitoylation and localization of CDC42[R186C] protein to the Golgi apparatus promoted pyrin inflammasome assembly downstream of pyrin dephosphorylation. Aberrant subcellular localization was the common pathological feature shared by CDC42 C-terminal variants with inflammatory phenotypes, including CDC42[*192C*24] that also localizes to the Golgi apparatus. Furthermore, the level of pyrin inflammasome overactivation paralleled that of mutant protein accumulation in the Golgi apparatus, but not that of the mutant GTPase activity. These results reveal an unexpected association between CDC42 subcellular localization and pyrin inflammasome activation that could pave the way for elucidating the mechanism of pyrin inflammasome formation

Oxygen isotopes of anhydrous primary minerals show kinship between asteroid Ryugu and comet 81P/Wild2

The extraterrestrial materials returned from asteroid (162173) Ryugu consist predominantly of low-temperature aqueously formed secondary minerals and are chemically and mineralogically similar to CI (Ivuna-type) carbonaceous chondrites. Here, we show that high-temperature anhydrous primary minerals in Ryugu and CI chondrites exhibit a bimodal distribution of oxygen isotopic compositions: 16O-rich (associated with refractory inclusions) and 16O-poor (associated with chondrules). Both the 16O-rich and 16O-poor minerals probably formed in the inner solar protoplanetary disk and were subsequently transported outward. The abundance ratios of the 16O-rich to 16O-poor minerals in Ryugu and CI chondrites are higher than in other carbonaceous chondrite groups but are similar to that of comet 81P/Wild2, suggesting that Ryugu and CI chondrites accreted in the outer Solar System closer to the accretion region of comets

Nanomaterials by severe plastic deformation: review of historical developments and recent advances

International audienceSevere plastic deformation (SPD) is effective in producing bulk ultrafine-grained and nanostructured materials with large densities of lattice defects. This field, also known as NanoSPD, experienced a significant progress within the past two decades. Beside classic SPD methods such as high-pressure torsion, equal-channel angular pressing, accumulative roll-bonding, twist extrusion, and multi-directional forging, various continuous techniques were introduced to produce upscaled samples. Moreover, numerous alloys, glasses, semiconductors, ceramics, polymers, and their composites were processed. The SPD methods were used to synthesize new materials or to stabilize metastable phases with advanced mechanical and functional properties. High strength combined with high ductility, low/room-temperature superplasticity, creep resistance, hydrogen storage, photocatalytic hydrogen production, photocatalytic CO2 conversion, superconductivity, thermoelectric performance, radiation resistance, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility are some highlighted properties of SPD-processed materials. This article reviews recent advances in the NanoSPD field and provides a brief history regarding its progress from the ancient times to modernity

A dehydrated space-weathered skin cloaking the hydrated interior of Ryugu

Without a protective atmosphere, space-exposed surfaces of airless Solar System bodies gradually experience an alteration in composition, structure and optical properties through a collective process called space weathering. The return of samples from near-Earth asteroid (162173) Ryugu by Hayabusa2 provides the first opportunity for laboratory study of space-weathering signatures on the most abundant type of inner solar system body: a C-type asteroid, composed of materials largely unchanged since the formation of the Solar System. Weathered Ryugu grains show areas of surface amorphization and partial melting of phyllosilicates, in which reduction from Fe3+ to Fe2+ and dehydration developed. Space weathering probably contributed to dehydration by dehydroxylation of Ryugu surface phyllosilicates that had already lost interlayer water molecules and to weakening of the 2.7 µm hydroxyl (–OH) band in reflectance spectra. For C-type asteroids in general, this indicates that a weak 2.7 µm band can signify space-weathering-induced surface dehydration, rather than bulk volatile loss

Smoking and secondhand smoke exposure and prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy in Japan : baseline data from the Kyushu Okinawa Maternal and Child Health Study

Background: Epidemiological evidence on the relationship between smoking and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and depressive symptoms during pregnancy has been limited. The present cross-sectional study examined this issue in Japan. Methods: Between April 2007 and March 2008, 1757 pregnant women who lived in one of seven prefectures on Kyushu Island in southern Japan or in Okinawa Prefecture, an island chain in the southwest of Japan, participated in the Kyushu Okinawa Maternal and Child Health Study, a prebirth cohort study. In the present study, data on 1745 pregnant women were available for analysis. Information on smoking, SHS exposure, depressive symptoms, and potential confounding factors was obtained through a self-administered questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were defined as present when subjects had a Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale score of 16 or higher. Adjustment was made for age, gestation, region of residence, number of children, family structure, household income, education, job type, history of depression, and family history of depression. Results: The prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy was 19.2%. Compared with having never smoked, both former and current smoking was independently associated with a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy: the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were 1.39 (95% CI: 1.06–1.83) and 2.49 (95% CI: 1.36–4.45), respectively. Also, 3.0 to 7.9 and 8.0 or more pack-years of smoking were independently positively related to depressive symptoms during pregnancy: the adjusted ORs were 1.55 (95% CI: 1.08–2.22) and 1.97 (95% CI: 1.26–3.03), respectively (P for trend = 0.0005). Among the 1183 subjects who had never smoked, current SHS exposure at home was independently positively associated with depressive symptoms during pregnancy: the adjusted OR was 1.51 (95% CI: 1.003–2.30). Conclusions: Former and current smoking, 3.0 or more pack-years of smoking, and current SHS exposure at home may be positively associated with depressive symptoms during pregnancy

beta-Selective Glycosylation Using Axial-Rich and 2-O-Rhamnosylated Glucosyl Donors Controlled by the Protecting Pattern of the Second Sugar

Herein, we describe two counterexamples of the previously reported beta/alpha-selectivity of 96/4 for glycosylation using ethyl 2-O-[2,3,4-tris-O-ter(-butyldimethylsilyl (TBS)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl]-3,4,6-tris-O-TBS-thio-beta-D-glucopyranoside as the glycosyl donor. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of protecting group on the rhamnose moieties in the glycosylation with cholestanol and revealed that beta-selectivity originated from the two TBS groups at the 3-O and 4-O positions of rhamnose. In contrast, the TBS group at the 2-O position of rhamnose hampered the beta-selectivity. Finally, the beta/alpha-selectivity during the glycosylation was enhanced to >= 99/1. The results obtained herein suggest that the protecting groups on the sugar connected to the 2-O of a glycosyl donor with axial-rich conformation can control the stereoselectivity of glycosylation