The eco‐evolutionary dynamics of prior selfing rates promote coexistence without niche partitioning under conditions of reproductive interference

1. Pollinator-mediated reproductive interference can occur when two or more plant species share the same pollinators. Recent studies have suggested that prior autonomous selfing mitigates reproductive interference, potentially facilitating coexistence even in the absence of pollination niche partitioning (i.e. the pre-emptive selfing hypothesis). However, whether the evolution of prior selfing promotes coexistence, in the context of the eco-evolutionary dynamics of population size, selfing rates and inbreeding depression, remains poorly understood. 2. We constructed an individual-based model to examine the conditions under which the evolution of prior selfing promotes coexistence in the context of mutual reproductive interference. In the model, two plant species compete by way of mutual reproductive interference, and both have the potential to evolve the capacity for prior autonomous selfing. We expected that purging of deleterious mutations might result in evolutionary rescue, assuming that the strength of inbreeding depression declines as the population selfing rate increases; this would enable inferior competitors to maintain population density through the evolution of prior selfing. 3. Our simulation demonstrated that evolution of prior selfing may promote coexistence, whereas reproductive interference in the absence of such evolution results in competitive exclusion. We found that lower pollinator availability is likely to favour rapid evolutionary shifts to higher prior selfing rates, thereby neutralising the negative effects of reproductive interference in both species. When the strength of inbreeding depression decreased with an increase in the population-level selfing rate, moderate pollinator availability resulted in long-term coexistence in which relative abundance-dependent selection on the prior selfing rate served to intermittently maintain the population density of the inferior competitor. 4. Synthesis. We demonstrate that the evolution of prior selfing may increase population growth rates of inferior competitors and may consequently promote long-term coexistence via an evolutionary rescue. This constitutes a novel mechanism explaining the co-evolutionary coexistence of closely related plant species without niche partitioning, and is consistent with recent studies reporting that closely related species with mixed mating systems can co-occur sympatrically, even under conditions of mutual reproductive interference

Studi Sistem Akustik Pada Gereja Katolik Santa Maria Tak Bercela Surabaya

The church is a building that has an image of God\u27s glory so that through space design elements, sacred atmosphere can formone through acoustics. The church has an unique acoustic because the church has two activities, namely speech and music. Santa Maria Tak Bercela Catholic Church Surabaya adjacent to Santa Clara School Surabaya, which at certain hours of the atmosphere will be very crowded church. With the help of Sound Level Meter, the background noise is known and the power of the sound source at this church. Reverberation time is calculated by manually sabine and computerize using program Autodeks Ecotect Analysis 2011. Having in mindthe results of the calculation of reverberation time in the field was 0.79-0.88 seconds, the church should be optimized with the goal of achieving the optimum reverberation time is 1. 4 seconds and the sound proofing leaks, by using materials such as insulation yumen board, glasswoll, acrylic, curtains, glass in sealant, rubber on the doors and closing the door hole

Pictures of Commelina flower

The pictures of <i>Commelina communis</i> and <i>C. communis</i> f. <i>ciliata.</i

Katsuhara_and_Ushimaru_data_for_FuncEcol

All data archived here were used for GLMM analyses in Katsuhara and Ushimaru. "Prior selfing can mitigate the negative effects of mutual reproductive interference between coexisting congeners. Data is in six worksheets

Pictures of Commelina

The picture files of <i>Commelina</i> species

Data from: Prior selfing can mitigate the negative effects of mutual reproductive interference between coexisting congeners

When more than one closely related plant species share the same pollination niche, reproductive interference (RI) via interspecific pollen transfer should limit their coexistence. However, some studies have reported the sympatric coexistence of two native close-relatives pollinated by the same pollinators under RI without niche partitioning. To clarify the mechanisms promoting the coexistence of species sharing pollinators, we examined the frequency dependency of RI in natural conditions and the potential roles of autonomous selfing in mitigating the negative RI effects between congeneric species. We investigated sympatrically growing Commelina communis (Cc) and C. c. f. ciliata (Ccfc) populations. These species exhibit very large overlaps in habitat preference and pollination niche, but seldom produce hybrids. First, we conducted a hand-pollination experiment to examine the negative effects of heterospecific pollen deposition (HPD) on seed production and the potential of self-pollination to mitigate the effects. We then examined the RI effects on reproductive success and the potential for autonomous selfing in the field. We found significant negative HPD effects on seed production and the mitigation effects of prior and competing self-pollination, in both Cc and Ccfc. For both species in the field, intraspecific pollinator movements and reproductive success significantly decreased with an increase in the relative floral abundance of competing species, although the negative RI effect on reproductive success was lower in Cc than in Ccfc. This could be explained by the greater potential for prior autonomous selfing in Cc than in Ccfc. Our findings suggest that Cc flowers were less affected by RI from competing species, which was likely due to a higher prior selfing ability compared to Ccfc flowers. The slight asymmetry in RI may explain the Cc-biased distribution in the study area. The study improves our understanding that prior autonomous selfing could reduce the negative RI effect from competing species and assure reproduction in mixed-mating species with frequent pollinator visitations

Katsuhara_et_al_data_for_FuncEcol

All data archived here were used for GLMM analyses in Katsuhara et al. "Functional significance of petals as landing site in fungus-gnats pollinated flowers of Mitella pauciflora (Saxifragaceae). Data is in six worksheets

Data from: Functional significance of petals as landing sites in fungus-gnat pollinated flowers of Mitella pauciflora (Saxifragaceae)

Despite the well-known visual attraction function of angiosperm petals, additional roles of these floral organs (e.g. the provision of landing-site platforms for pollinators) have rarely been examined. This is likely because most petals perform multiple functions, making it difficult to isolate the importance of landing sites in pollination success. We investigated the landing-site function of dull-coloured pinnately branched petals in Mitella pauciflora flowers, which are predominantly pollinated by fungus gnats. We conducted a field experiment, in which the effects of experimental petal removal on pollinators’ approach, landing and visit duration and floral reproductive success were examined in naturally pollinated flowers. According to direct and time-lapse camera observations, petal removal did not influence pollinators’ approach frequency or visit duration, but did significantly decrease their landings. Fruit set and pollen dispatch both significantly decreased with petal removal, indicating that petals promote female and male reproductive success in M. pauciflora by facilitating pollinator landing. This demonstrates that inconspicuous petals primarily have a landing-site function rather than a visual attraction function in M. pauciflora. Discriminating between diverse petal functions is a challenging problem, and new approaches are required to elucidate the functional features of angiosperm flowers