Abomasal nematode parasites in goats slaughtered in Mekelle town, northern Ethiopia

Infection with abomasal nematodes, especially haemonchosis, is one of the most important problems challenging small ruminant production in the tropics. This study was carried out to identify nematodes infecting the abomasa, and estimate their prevalence and count in goats slaughtered in Mekelle town, northern Ethiopia. A total of 166 abomasa of goats were examined for postmortem differential adult nematode parasites count using standard procedure. Haemonchus spp. and Trichostrogylus axei were recovered from 126 (75.9%) and 109 (65.7%) abomasa, respectively. It was noted that 152 (91.6%) goats harbored at least one of the parasites, while 83 (50%) goats were found infected with both parasites. Mean and maximum adult worm counts were 39.2 and 270 and 55.2 and 600 for Haemonchus spp. and T. axei, respectively. Months of the year had significant (p<0.05) effect on prevalence and adult worm count in both species of parasites identified. The adult worm count and prevalence were relatively high in February for Haemonchus spp. and in December for T. axei. The high prevalence of these economically important parasites in goats in the dry season may entail insidious losses they could incur in the productivity of goats in the study area.Keywords: Abomasal nematodes; Ethiopia; Goat; Haemonchus; Trichostrogylus axe

The role of conversation analysis-informed instruction to enhance students' conversational skills in the Ethiopian context

This study was aimed at developing conversational skills of first year students in the Department of English Language and Literature at Bahir Dar University using conversation analysis-informed intervention. A qualitative-conversation analysis (CA) approach was employed for the study in which a case study was used. Ten students were selected as participants in the study. The participants were provided with oral tasks before the intervention took place. The oral productions of the participants were recorded and analysed to identify their difficulties in terms of conversational skills. Based on the difficulties the participants had, they were taught conversational features to develop their knowledge and skills of conversational skills in the English language. The intervention took four months. In the post-intervention phase of the study, oral productions of the participants were also recorded using audio/video devices and analysed from the conversation analysis perspective to see the developments observed as a result of the CA based treatment. The findings showed that there were encouraging results with regard to the improvements of conversational skills of the study participants; their productions of successive and related expressions were observed to have improved. An increased use of conversational strategies and repairs in the post-intervention phase of the study is an evidence of the development of their conversational skills. The participants also developed their knowledge with regard to the use of spoken grammar in their conversations. Therefore, a CA based intervention has a great impact on the teaching of oral skills in English for it helps to identify students' learning difficulties and take pertinent actions

Análise das políticas de partilha de custos no ensino superior etíope

Mestrado em Ensino Superior - Erasmus MundusOne major problem governments of the world and particularly governments of the developing countries have faced is the issue of how to reform the finance of higher education in response to the interconnected pressures of rising higher education enrollment (massification) and the incompatible public budget. The last three or four decades have witnessed major changes in the way both developed and developing countries‘ higher education is financed. Governments and higher education institutions have grappled with the problem of financing massified higher education system while public expenditure for education has failed to keep pace or in some cases declined. Backed by such objectives and economic arguments as higher education rates of return, equity, and efficiency, higher education massification has caused far-reaching, country and institution specific, turbulent reform processes and one of these is the higher education financial reform. Massification has exerted financial pressure on the public revenue and caused the inescapable higher education financial austerity, which is more pronounced and exhibited in the developing countries. The perception and the subsequent introduction of cost sharing, in the form of tuition fee, other fees and user charges where higher education was previously offered for free and the substantial increase in tuition fees in several countries where they did previously exist, is partly the result of the higher education financial pressure. This has been the product of escalating higher education enrollment, less revenue, and the rising of unit cost. Arguably, cost sharing has been adhered and favored for its role in promoting higher education efficiency and equity as well. Four parties are in the frontline in sharing the cost of higher education. These are students, parents, governments and donors. Private investors also share the burden of the growing higher education demand. The tendency of introducing payments for higher education, significant increases in tuition fees, and the change of student aid systems from grants to loans has been the source of controversy and debates, which have become negative dowries for the implementation of the policy of cost sharing, in many countries. Moreover, the effort of cost sharing policy implementation, in many developing countries has been frustrated by many other national and international factors. This study is trying to analyze, benchmarking developing countries and with specific reference to Ethiopia, the concept of cost sharing, the rationales of cost sharing and highlights the major features of cost sharing policy implementations.Um grande problema dos governos dos governos do mundo e particularmente dos países em desenvolvimento têm enfrentado é a questão de como a reforma do financiamento do ensino superior em resposta às pressões crescentes interligada de inscrição do ensino superior (massificação) e do orçamento incompatível público. Os últimos três ou quatro décadas testemunharam grandes mudanças na maneira como a educação tanto nos países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento maior é financiado. Os governos e as instituições de ensino superior têm se confrontado com o problema do financiamento massificada sistema de ensino superior, enquanto a despesa pública para a educação não conseguiu manter o ritmo ou, em alguns casos diminuiu. Apoiado por esses objectivos e argumentos econômicos como as taxas de retorno do ensino superior, equidade e eficiência, a massificação do ensino superior tem provocado profundas, o país ea instituição específica, os processos de reforma turbulento e uma delas é a reforma do ensino superior financeiros. Massificação exerceu pressão financeira sobre a receita pública e causou a austeridade de ensino superior inescapável financeira, que é mais pronunciado e exibido em países em desenvolvimento. A percepção ea subsequente introdução da partilha de custos, na forma de propinas, taxas e outros encargos do usuário onde o ensino superior foi anteriormente oferecido gratuitamente eo aumento substancial das propinas em vários países onde existiam anteriormente, é em parte resultado da maior pressão de educação financeira. Este tem sido o produto de uma escalada de matrícula do ensino superior, menos receitas, bem como a subida do custo unitário. Indiscutivelmente, a partilha dos custos tem sido respeitado e favorecido por seu papel na promoção da eficiência e equidade do ensino superior também. Quatro partidos estão na linha da frente na distribuição dos custos do ensino superior. Estes são os alunos, pais, governos e doadores. Os investidores privados também partilhar os encargos da demanda crescente de educação superior. A tendência de introdução de pagamentos para o ensino superior, um aumento significativo das propinas ea alteração dos regimes de auxílio estudantil de subvenções ao crédito tem sido fonte de controvérsias e debates, que tornaram-se os dotes negativos para a execução da política de partilha dos custos, em muitos países. Além disso, o esforço de implementação da política de partilha de custos, em muitos países em desenvolvimento tem sido frustrados por muitos outros factores nacionais e internacionais. Este estudo é tentar analisar, a análise comparativa dos países em desenvolvimento e com referência específica à Etiópia, o conceito de partilha de custos, as lógicas de partilha de custos e destaca as principais características de implementações de políticas de partilha de custos

Molecular Cloning and Expression of a Thermostable Α-Amylase from Geobacillus Sp.

Starch degrading enzymes like amylase have received great deal of attention because of their perceived technological significance and economic benefits. Selection of a suitable strain is the most significant factor in the amylase production process. On the other hand the screening for a single amylase is difficult because one strain can produce different amylases with different specificities or the amount of amylase produced may be very low. Thus the cloning of one gene directing the synthesis of the desired amylase in a well characterized host like E. coli should help greatly in the characterization of new amylases and also allow a significant yield increase. Studies on the screening of amylase producing bacterial strains were carried out on soil and water samples collected from a hot spring located in Slim River, Perak, Malaysia. The bacteria were cultivated in a mineral medium containing soluble starch as the sole carbon source. Three of the isolates namely SR37, SR41, SR74 have demonstrated good activity based on the assay performed using DNS method at 60oC and pH 7.0. The isolates showed activity of 2.44 U/ml, 4.5 U/ml, 2.05 U/ml for amylopectin and 1.78 U/ml, 3.54 U/ml, 1.65 U/ml for soluble starch, respectively. None of the isolates except SR74 (1.65 U/ml) showed activity at 70oC. Since it showed activity at 70oC, further study was conducted on the isolate SR74 for identification, gene cloning, sequencing and expression for the α-amylase enzyme. Gram staining and morphological studies revealed the isolate was a Gram positive Bacillus. Molecular characterization using the 16S rDNA for the isolate SR74 revealed the organism closely related to the members of the genus Geobacillus. The fatty acid methyl ester analysis using the Sherlock system also resulted in a typical fatty acid profile of a thermophilic Geobacillus and other bacilli. Among them the iso-branched pentadecanoic acid (iso-15:0), haxadecanoic acid (iso-16:0) and heptadecanoic acids ( iso-17:0) accounted for 82.26% of the total fatty acids.Iso-15:0 and iso-17:0 were especially abundant. This isolate exhibited anteiso-15:0 (1.05%) and anteiso-17:0 (6.5%) as minor components (7.55% of the total). The isolate was identified as Geobacillus sp. SR74. The gene coding for a thermostable α-amylase from Geobacillus sp. SR74 was isolated, sequenced and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS. Gene sequencing showed that the enzyme secreted by this isolate shared 98% similarity with Geobacillus stearothermophilus α-amylase gene. The ORF of the gene codes for 549 amino acids. The signal peptide comprised 34 amino acids and the remaining 515 amino acids belong to the mature polypeptide. The region encoding the mature α- amylase was heterogeneously expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS cells using the pET-32b expression system under the control of the T7 promoter. The mature enzyme had a theoretical molecular weight of 58,547 Daltons and a theoretical pI of 5.61. Optimization studies revealed that the highest enzyme activity was obtained at 16h post induction (32.414 U/ml). The optimum inducer concentration was found to be 0.15mMol L-1 IPTG (39.73 U/ml). With regard to production media, LB (49.53 U/ml) and 0.75YT (51.06 U/ml) were found to be best for optimum production of the recombinant enzyme, while the A600nm of 0.75 (58.3 U/ml) being the best microbial density for inducing the production of the enzyme

Building Trust between Police and Community to Ensure Public Safety: The Case of Oromiya Regional State, Ethiopia

The primary objective of this study is to identify the critical factors playing a significant role in the implementation of community policing, partnering the police and community to work together on the safety, peace, and security of the area. Six woredas located in the West Wollega Zone of Oromiya Regional State were selected after consulting the crime statistics and performance reports of community policing. Informants enrolled in interviews and filling out the questionnaires were selected purposely. Percentiles and thematic analysis were the procedures employed to give meaning to data generated in multiple ways. The findings show that community policing strategies are not helping the inhabitants to ensure peace and safety. It further indicated that a lack of trust between the police and the communities is one of the factors impeding the implementation. The community's conception of peace and leaving all the responsibilities of ensuring law, peace, and order to the police are part of the findings. On the one hand, the residential community views the police negatively and is unlikely to share the responsibilities for the area's safety and peace. It is thus keen to build trust between the police and the community to set up a partnership on solid ground to achieve the strategic emphasis of community policing. Key Terms: Crime Prevention, Community Policing, Community, Police, Peace, Security DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/12-22-03 Publication date: November 30th 202

USING OUR COMPETENCE WHEN WE INCORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

Purpose: The main purpose this article is to assess how individuals react to firms that up hold activities in corporate social responsibilities. In the aftermath of the economic crisis, a new form of corporate social responsibility (CSR) is emerging. To restore the trust of capitalism as a system and for companies, social responsibility has gained lots of attention. There are several diverse ways firms can demonstrate responsibility for society, for example through sponsorship responsibility for the environment or responsibility for firms’ employees, partners and suppliers.Methodology: The survey utilised the use of both primary and secondary data. Published articles, websites and other credible sources were utilised in assessing the findings from the previous researchers. Also, raw data was collected from a selected sample of individuals in both employees’, investors’ and customers’ perspectives.Finding: The results the study shows that there are high levels of compliance between social activity and competence have a positive impact on customers’ perception of the company’s goodwill and integrity but do not affect how customers assess company's core competence

Determining the Rate of Blended Fertilizers and Urea for Potato Production Under Rain Fed Condition in Kersa Malima, South West Showa, Ethiopia

This experiment was conducted on  Belete and Gudenie potato verities reaction to fertilizer rates  Control, 150 kg/ha NPSB+80 kg/ha urea, 250 kg/ha NPSB+80 kg/ha urea, 350 kg/ha NPSB+80 kg/ha urea, 150 kg/ha NPSB+140 urea, 250 kg/ha NPSB+140 kg/ha urea, 350 kg/ha NPSB+140 kg/ha urea, 150 kg/ha NPSB +200 kg/ha urea, 250 kg/ha NPSB +200 kg/ha urea and  350 kg/ha N+200 kg/ha urea in Kersa Malima district in 2018-2019 main cropping seasons (June-August) using completely randomized block design arrangement in three replications. The analysis was done using SAS 9.2. This study revealed that there was highly significant difference among the yield and yield components due to main effect fertilizer rates. The interaction did not affect any parameter considered. The highest total and marketable yield (38.75 t/ha and 36.51 t/ha) respectively were harvested from 350 kg/ha NPSB+140 kg/ha urea followed by total and marketable yield of 250 kg/ha NPSB+200kg/ ha urea (37.57 and 35.66 t/ha), respectively. The partial budget analysis indicated that the highest benefit (108,426.5ETB) was fetched from 350kg/ha NPSB+140kg/ha urea followed by 250kg/ha NPSB+200kg/ha urea (106,429ETB). But, the marginal rate of return indicated that highest investment return increment of 24,391.25%  was recorded from 250kg/ha NPSB+200kg/ha followed by 150 kg/ha NPSB+80kg/ha urea (3.004.231%). From this it can be concluded that the NPSB+urea rates highly significantly affected the yield and yield component of potato. It is better to apply 250 kg/ha urea+200 kg/ha urea to potato for high yield and high economic return in Kersa Malima district. It is better to repeat the experiment with more replication and higher rates including planting time as the farmer were planting starting from March. Keywords: NPSB, urea, yield and yield components, Belete and Gudenie potato varieties DOI: 10.7176/JEES/11-8-01 Publication date:August 31st 202

Assessment Of Spatio-Temporal Changes Of Wetlands Using GIS And RS Techniques In Dawa Chefa Area In The Northern Central Ethiopian Highlands

Wetland resources play an important role in sustaining human, plant and animal life. They balance climatic and hydrology cycle to our environment. However, wetlands have been decreased both in time and space. This in turn narrowed the opportunities of wetland services. Thus, the study focused on assessment of the spatio-temporal change of wetlands and its socioeconomic effect in Northern Central Ethiopian highlands. Four sets of Landsat satellite imageries for the years of 1984, 1993, 2000 and 2013 were used to produce land cover maps and quantify the land use and land cover dynamics. Moreover; practical observation, structured questionnaire and focus group discussions were used to supplement remotely sensed satellite data. The qualitative data were then narrated. Unlike built up area expansion, grassland and farmland, the land use and land cover analysis showed that wetlands are reduced from the year 1984 to 2013. Overgrazing, water diversion for irrigated farm, waste dumping, and rapid population growth are the key driving forces of wetlands changes. Moreover, the study shows that wetland change brought social effect in the study area. In this regard, the shrinkage of the wetlands caused prevailing conflict between nomads and local farmers as both of them need wetland for different purposes. As they are more dependent on the wetland resources, the nomads were more resistant to the strategies of the government. The study also showed that wetland loss has controversial effects. In this respect when wetland loss increases swampy plants and animals also decreased and even later disappeared. Economically very important mangrove species started declining which directly affected the lives of nomads. Conversely, when wetland decreases, farmers encroach the wetlands for agricultural and grazing land due to the fact that it is very fertile and suitable for the application of modern irrigation. This is, however, at the expense of wetland loss. In conclusion, the study highlights that the wetland size has been decreased and brought ecological and socio-economic effect in the study area. Therefore, the government and other stakeholders should intervene by providing appropriate water management practices, awareness creation and family planning education to enhance sustainable land management and to meet the national and international interest linked to the Millennium Development Goals

Comparison of Exact and Numerical Solutions with Special Attention to First Order Ordinary Differential Equations

In this paper I solved three first-order ordinary differential equations (ode) both analytically and numerically using 4th order Runge-Kutta method (RK4). I selected differential equations which can also be solved analytically so as to compare the numerical solutions with the analytical solutions and see the accuracy of the 4th order RungeKutta method in solving ordinary differential equations of type linear, separable and exact. Both solutions were obtained by employing a computer program written in FORTRAN 90/95. The absolute errors associated with different step sizes have been calculated and the efficient step size for the three types of odes under consideration has been identified. I found out that this numerical method is computationally more efficient and very accurate in solving first-order ordinary differential equations of the three types. This is verified from the relatively small (negligible) differences between the numerical and analytical values (absolute errors).To illustrate the efficiency of the method and for better visualization of its accuracy, the numerical and analytical solutions were plotted against the independent variable. For the differential equations under consideration, the efficient step size (the one with smallest average absolute error) is h = 0.100. When the step size decreases from 0.500 to 0.100, both the relative and absolute errors show a slight decline but they show a slight rise when the step size decreases further from 0.1 to 0.02. This is due to over accumulation of round off errors. Given step size h = 0.100, 4th order Runge-Kutta method is found to be the most efficient for solving the linear ode. The possible reason for this is the relatively smallest degree (extent of nonlinearity) of the analytic solution associated with the linear ode. Further analysis should be made for detailed reasoning. Key words: Numerical solution, analytic solution, Runge-Kutta method, efficient step size

Assessment of The Use of Energy Saving Bulbs and Analysis of Their Luminous Efficiency: The Case EEPCO Customers in Wolaita and Dawro zones of SNNPR

Electrical energy demand in Ethiopia has been enormous in past years as a result of economic growth and development. Hence, more efficient use of energy must be considered as one major option to achieve sustainable developments. The goal was to assess the degree to which energy-saving bulbs(CFLs) are being used in target area and to determine luminous efficiency of bulbs used by customers. Data was collected using questionnaire, interview and laboratory experimentation and analyzed using logistic regression, percentages and correlations. It was revealed that only 57% of customers included in the sample were users of energy saving bulbs and probability that a customer uses CFLs is significantly affected by monthly income and understanding towards energy saving strategies. Correlation coefficient between number of CFLs and monthly income was found to be R = 0.362. A customer with average monthly income and with understanding on how to save energy is 7.48 times more likely to use CFL than a customer with the same monthly income but with no understanding. It was found that average luminous efficiencies of CFLs and non-CFLs were 12.369% and 2.554% respectively. If all bulbs used wereCFLs, then 1335996 KWh per year could have been saved