The inhibition of Fusarium wilt in Chili by Endophytic Fungi isolated from Green Betel (Piper betle L.) Leaf

Green Betel (Piper betle L.) leaves are often used as medicine by local people because they contain antibacterial and antifungal substances. These substances can be produced by plant metabolites and are also the results of metabolites produced by endophytic fungi. Endophytic fungus is an organism that is associated with healthy host tissues without causing disease symptoms. Endophytic fungi from betel leaf are used as biocontrol agents against Fusarium oxysporum causes wilt disease that attacks Chili (Capsicum annuum L.), which is one of the main agricultural commodities in Indonesia. Fusarium wilt disease is a disease that significantly reduces crop yields based on crop yields. This research was conducted in a chili farm in Cangkringan, Sleman, Yogyakarta. This study aimed to test the antagonism of endophytic fungi with the dual culture technique. Three types of green betel leaf endophytic fungi were used for dual culture test against Fusarium oxysporum. The observation result showed the highest inhibition ability of 73.37% dual culture method. The inhibitory mechanisms of green betel leaf endophytic fungal isolates include parasitism, antibiosis, and competition. Endophytic fungi of green betel leaf are effective as biocontrol agents of wilt Fusarium chili disease. ©2022 JNSMR UIN Walisongo. All rights reserved

Isolasi, Seleksi, Dan Identifikasi Kapang Kitinolitik Yang Diisolasi Dari Tanah Pembuangan Limbah Udang Dan Rizosfer Solanaceae

Kapang kitinolitik mampu mendegradasi kitin dengan mensekresikan enzim kitinase. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan kapang kitinolitik indigenous yang unggul dalam menghasilkan enzim kitinase. Isolasi kapang dilakukan dengan metode spread plate pada colloidal chitin agar. Seleksi kualitatif isolat berdasarkan indeks kitinolitik yang diperoleh dengan membagi diameter zona jernih di sekeliling koloni dengan diameter koloni. Seleksi kuantitatif berdasarkan aktivitas spesifik kitinase yang diukur berdasarkan pengurangan substrat koloidal kitin menggunakan metode spektrofotometer. Hasil isolasi memperoleh 70 (tujuh puluh) isolat kapang kitinolitik. Delapan belas isolat dari 70 isolat kapang kitinolitik mempunyai indeks kitinolitik ≥ 2,00. Berdasarkan seleksi kuantitatif diperoleh 10 (sepuluh) isolat yang mempunyai aktivitas enzim kitinase lebih tinggi daripada aktivitas enzim kitinase Trichoderma viride FNCC 6128 (210,14 U/mg) yang digunakan sebagai isolat acuan. Isolat KUP2 mempunyai aktivitas spesifik kitinase tertinggi 744,20 U/mg. Isolat KUP2 teridentifikasi sebagai Trichoderma sp

Morphological Characteristics and Kinship Relationship of Mushroom Schizophyllum commune Fr.

Schizophyllum commune is a mushroom from the division of Basidiomycota which abundance at rainy season on wood that have been moldered for its habitat. S. commune has been distributed widely at various types of wood habitat (jack fruit, bamboo, rubber, mango etc). Existence of this mushroom has not been known as well as any mushroom are able to be consumed/edible yet. In Java, the societies who have known it as consumption mushroom called it with local name jamur gigit. Jamur gigit is potential to become food material and based on organoleptic test indicates that jamur gigit is more delicious from oyster mushroom. The purpose of research is to investigate the morphology character of S. commune at various growth phases and to study the S. commune relationship in Java. The result of this research is expected can give information about morphology character of S. commune in each its growth phase and to understand S. commune relationship in Java. Sample for research has been collected in 3 areas in Java. The macroscopic morphology character and microscopic character of S. commune were observed. The character that had been obtained is used to compile description and be analyzed by cluster using SPSS 13.0 to study the kinship relationship. The result of research indicates that morphology character of S. commune in Java of fruit body when old and young phase was different, while the microscopic character almost same to the obtained sample. The result of analysis cluster indicated that at similar level of 38,1 % there were two clusters, first cluster was Sidoarjo a S. commune and S. commune Yogyakarta. The second cluster has member the Sidoarjo b S. commune, Malang S. commune, Tangerang S. commune, Semarang S. commune and Kuningan S. commune. © 2015 JNSMR UIN Walisongo. All rights reserved

The inhibition of Fusarium wilt in Chili by Endophytic Fungi isolated from Green Betel (Piper betle L.) Leaf

Green Betel (Piper betle L.) leaves are often used as medicine by local people because they contain antibacterial and antifungal substances. These substances can be produced by plant metabolites and are also the results of metabolites produced by endophytic fungi. Endophytic fungus is an organism that is associated with healthy host tissues without causing disease symptoms. Endophytic fungi from betel leaf are used as biocontrol agents against Fusarium oxysporum causes wilt disease that attacks Chili (Capsicum annuum L.), which is one of the main agricultural commodities in Indonesia. Fusarium wilt disease is a disease that significantly reduces crop yields based on crop yields. This research was conducted in a chili farm in Cangkringan, Sleman, Yogyakarta. This study aimed to test the antagonism of endophytic fungi with the dual culture technique. Three types of green betel leaf endophytic fungi were used for dual culture test against Fusarium oxysporum. The observation result showed the highest inhibition ability of 73.37% dual culture method. The inhibitory mechanisms of green betel leaf endophytic fungal isolates include parasitism, antibiosis, and competition. Endophytic fungi of green betel leaf are effective as biocontrol agents of wilt Fusarium chili disease. ©2022 JNSMR UIN Walisongo. All rights reserved

IDENTIFICATION OF ANTHRACHNOSE DISEASE ON STRAWBERRY FRUIT (Fragraria vesca L.) AND ITS CONTROL BY BETEL (Piper betle L.) LEAF EXTRACT

In Indonesia, strawberry is one of fruits which has high economic values. The growth of strawberry has increased significantly, but its productivity is still low because of disease attack. Disease that attacks strawberry started from nursery to post harvest is anthracnose that can be caused by Colletotrichum spp. Control efforts of anthracnose disease up to now has been done with application of synthetic chemicals which are known to be hazardous to the environment and human health. Betel leaf (Piper betle L.) is natural plant that potentially used as phytofungicide. Essential oils on betel leaf extract is reported can decrease the growth of pathogenic fungi. The objectives of the research were to identify Colletotrichum spp. in strawberry fruit that showed anthracnose symptoms, to test the potency of betel leaf extract as phytofungicide, and to evaluate the effect of betel leaf extract in inhibiting infection and disease severity of Colletotrichum in strawberry. Samples were taken from strawberry nursery in Magelang, Indonesia. The disease symptoms were isolated on Potato Dextrose Agar, followed by identification of fungal colony and morphology by semi permanent slide preparation. Betel leaves were extracted with water to get a concentration of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%, respectively. An in vitro experiment was done to evaluate the inhibition rate of betel leaf extract to the growth of Colletotrichum spp. colony. An in vivo experiment was done by submersion of strawberry to betel leaf extract before (preventive method) and after antrachnose attack (curative method), then disease infection and disease severity were measured after 7 days. The result of the research showed that anthracnose disease in strawberry was caused by C. gloeosporioides (Penz.). Twenty percent of betel leaf extract in an in vitro test had potential as phytofungicide and concentration of 100% betel leaf extract was the best concentration to inhibit the growth of C. gloeosporioides (Penz.) colony by 70.26±0,61%. In an in vivo experiment, submersion of strawberry before pathogen infection (preventive) with 100% betel leaf extract decreased disease infection by 40% and disease severity by 16%, respectively. While treatment of submersion of strawberry after pathogen infection (curative) decreased disease infection by 33,4% and disease severity by 17%.Keywords: strawberry, anthrachnose, disease, betel lea

Morphological Characteristics and Kinship Relationship of Mushroom Schizophyllum commune Fr.

Schizophyllum commune is a mushroom from the division of Basidiomycota which abundance at rainy season on wood that have been moldered for its habitat. S. commune has been distributed widely at various types of wood habitat (jack fruit, bamboo, rubber, mango etc). Existence of this mushroom has not been known as well as any mushroom are able to be consumed/edible yet. In Java, the societies who have known it as consumption mushroom called it with local name jamur gigit. Jamur gigit is potential to become food material and based on organoleptic test indicates that jamur gigit is more delicious from oyster mushroom. The purpose of research is to investigate the morphology character of S. commune at various growth phases and to study the S. commune relationship in Java. The result of this research is expected can give information about morphology character of S. commune in each its growth phase and to understand S. commune relationship in Java. Sample for research has been collected in 3 areas in Java. The macroscopic morphology character and microscopic character of S. commune were observed. The character that had been obtained is used to compile description and be analyzed by cluster using SPSS 13.0 to study the kinship relationship. The result of research indicates that morphology character of S. commune in Java of fruit body when old and young phase was different, while the microscopic character almost same to the obtained sample. The result of analysis cluster indicated that at similar level of 38,1 % there were two clusters, first cluster was Sidoarjo a S. commune and S. commune Yogyakarta. The second cluster has member the Sidoarjo b S. commune, Malang S. commune, Tangerang S. commune, Semarang S. commune and Kuningan S. commune. © 2015 JNSMR UIN Walisongo. All rights reserved

Identifikasi dan Uji Patogenisitas Colletotrichum spp. dari Cabai Merah (Capsicum annuum): Kasus di Kricaan, Magelang, Jawa Tengah

The investigation of the agent causing diseases is the first step to determine and control the spread of diseases. Anthracnose causing fruit rot on the red pepper in Indonesia that reduces the yield up to 90%. Colletotrichum is reported as the causative fungal agent of anthracnosis on the red pepper. This study aims to determine the type of Colletotrichum spp. pathogenic fungi on the red pepper collected from Agricultural Field Kricaan, Magelang, Central Java. Methods of identification included macroscopic and microscopic characterization and followed by determining the pathogenicity of the pathogenic agent. In this study, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and C. acutatum are identified as the causative agents of anthracnose in the red pepper collected from the study location. C. acutatum PC3 strain is identified as the most virulent pathogenic agent. Keywords: anthracnosis, diagnosis, diseases, symptoms, pathoge

The inhibition of Fusarium wilt in Chili by Endophytic Fungi isolated from Green Betel (Piper betle L.) Leaf

Green Betel (Piper betle L.) leaves are often used as medicine by local people because they contain antibacterial and antifungal substances. These substances can be produced by plant metabolites and are also the results of metabolites produced by endophytic fungi. Endophytic fungus is an organism that is associated with healthy host tissues without causing disease symptoms. Endophytic fungi from betel leaf are used as biocontrol agents against Fusarium oxysporum causes wilt disease that attacks Chili (Capsicum annuum L.), which is one of the main agricultural commodities in Indonesia. Fusarium wilt disease is a disease that significantly reduces crop yields based on crop yields. This research was conducted in a chili farm in Cangkringan, Sleman, Yogyakarta. This study aimed to test the antagonism of endophytic fungi with the dual culture technique. Three types of green betel leaf endophytic fungi were used for dual culture test against Fusarium oxysporum. The observation result showed the highest inhibition ability of 73.37% dual culture method. The inhibitory mechanisms of green betel leaf endophytic fungal isolates include parasitism, antibiosis, and competition. Endophytic fungi of green betel leaf are effective as biocontrol agents of wilt Fusarium chili disease. ©2022 JNSMR UIN Walisongo. All rights reserved

The Phylogenetic Relationship Among Varieties of Lansium domesticum Correa Based on ITS rDNA Sequences

Lansium domesticum Corr. with vernacular name in Indonesian duku has been reported containingtherapeutic bioactive compounds, and some of these compounds shown to be potent antitumor, anticancer,antimalaria, antimelanogenesis, antibacteria, and antimutagenic activities. This plant is commonly known asduku, kokosan and langsat by the local community in Indonesia. The morphological appearance of all varieties isnearly the same, and identifi cation of the varieties is very diffi cult for growers. Variation of DNA sequences ofthe ITS (Internal transcribed spacer) region can be used as a molecular character to determine the phylogeneticrelationship of different varieties of L. domesticum. The aims of this study were to determine taxonomy status ofduku, kokosan, and langsat, also phylogenetic relationship among varieties of L. domesticum based on ITS rDNAsequencing. DNA was isolated from leaves of plant and then amplifi ed using F1 and R1 primers. Nucleotidesequences were identifi ed using Sequence Scanner Software Programm version 1.0, nucleotide sequences from18S, ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2 and 26S region, that has been mergered using EditSeq and SegMan in software Suite forSequence Analysis DNASTAR Lasergene DM version 3.0.25. The results of study showed that DNA fragmentsranging in size from 782-810 bp. Different pattern of DNA fragments indicated polymorphism among duku,kokosan, and langsat. Based on the results of the ITS rDNA sequencing and phylogenetic tree analysis. Itwas determined that Lansium and Aglaia are a separated genus with the similarity index value of 0.98. Duku,kokosan and langsat were divided into two cluster, namely cluster kokosan-langsat and cluster duku with thesimilarity index value of 0.996. Keywords : Phylogenetic relationship, ITS region, L. domesticum, duku, kokosan, langsa