Exploring Charged Defects in Ferroelectrics by the Switching Spectroscopy Piezoresponse Force Microscopy

Monitoring the charged defect concentration at the nanoscale is of critical importance for both the fundamental science and applications of ferroelectrics. However, up-to-date, high-resolution study methods for the investigation of structural defects, such as transmission electron microscopy, X-ray tomography, etc., are expensive and demand complicated sample preparation. With an example of the lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite ceramics, a novel method is proposed based on the switching spectroscopy piezoresponse force microscopy (SSPFM) that allows probing the electric potential from buried subsurface charged defects in the ferroelectric materials with a nanometer-scale spatial resolution. When compared with the composition-sensitive methods, such as neutron diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and local time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, the SSPFM sensitivity to the variation of the electric potential from the charged defects is shown to be equivalent to less than 0.3 at% of the defect concentration. Additionally, the possibility to locally evaluate dynamics of the polarization screening caused by the charged defects is demonstrated, which is of significant interest for further understanding defect-mediated processes in ferroelectrics.publishe

Physiological Basis of The Correction of Postural Disorders by Regular Ordered Muscular Activity

Posture deformation occurs under the influence of factors that violate the vertical position of the spine. When the load on the spine is redistributed, the position of the body is adjusted by selective training of the muscles of the trunk and changing the position of the pelvis in the frontal plane. Exercises for impaired posture should be aimed primarily at preventing progression and correcting curvature and twisting of the vertebrae. It is important not only the correction of curvature, but also the stabilization of the spine in a corrected position. Saving the achieved results contributes to the formation of a new static-dynamic stereotype of the spine. This is possible by deliberately influencing the upper and lower in relation to the main curvature of the links of the musculoskeletal system and muscle tone-regulating groups involved in posture formation

Typology and Factorial Conditioning of Suicidal Behavior of Adolescents

The problem of suicidal behavior of an individual continues to remain relevant, due to the increase in the number of suicides among people of different ages, on the one hand, and insufficient information about the factors of suicidal behavior of an individual. The purpose of the study is to identify the factors that determine the formation of a certain type of personality who committed suicidal attempts in adolescence. In order to identify the types of adolescent suicides, there was conducted a survey of 20 doctors in psychiatric clinical hospitals in Moscow. The survey results were processed using cluster analysis. To identify the factorial conditioning of suicidal behavior of each personality type, a complex of psychodiagnostic techniques was used, focused on the study of the characteristics of the emotional, value-semantic and behavioral spheres of the personality. The obtained empirical data were processed with the help of factor analysis. Three clusters have been identified that combine similar personality characteristics of suicides. It was specified that among adolescents there are the following personality types: “militant” (22%), “sacrifice” (54%) and “self-deprecating” (24%). Each type of adolescent suicide is due to the characteristics of the emotional, value-semantic and behavioral spheres of their personality. To develop targeted programs for the prevention of suicidal behavior among adolescents, it is necessary to take into account the results of the study, since such programs should be aimed at blocking the factors that form a certain type of suicide

Typology and Factorial Conditioning of Suicidal Behavior of Adolescents

The problem of suicidal behavior of an individual continues to remain relevant, due to the increase in the number of suicides among people of different ages, on the one hand, and insufficient information about the factors of suicidal behavior of an individual. The purpose of the study is to identify the factors that determine the formation of a certain type of personality who committed suicidal attempts in adolescence. In order to identify the types of adolescent suicides, there was conducted a survey of 20 doctors in psychiatric clinical hospitals in Moscow. The survey results were processed using cluster analysis. To identify the factorial conditioning of suicidal behavior of each personality type, a complex of psychodiagnostic techniques was used, focused on the study of the characteristics of the emotional, value-semantic and behavioral spheres of the personality. The obtained empirical data were processed with the help of factor analysis. Three clusters have been identified that combine similar personality characteristics of suicides. It was specified that among adolescents there are the following personality types: “militant” (22%), “sacrifice” (54%) and “self-deprecating” (24%). Each type of adolescent suicide is due to the characteristics of the emotional, value-semantic and behavioral spheres of their personality. To develop targeted programs for the prevention of suicidal behavior among adolescents, it is necessary to take into account the results of the study, since such programs should be aimed at blocking the factors that form a certain type of suicide

Typology and Factorial Conditioning of Suicidal Behavior of Adolescents

The problem of suicidal behavior of an individual continues to remain relevant, due to the increase in the number of suicides among people of different ages, on the one hand, and insufficient information about the factors of suicidal behavior of an individual. The purpose of the study is to identify the factors that determine the formation of a certain type of personality who committed suicidal attempts in adolescence. In order to identify the types of adolescent suicides, there was conducted a survey of 20 doctors in psychiatric clinical hospitals in Moscow. The survey results were processed using cluster analysis. To identify the factorial conditioning of suicidal behavior of each personality type, a complex of psychodiagnostic techniques was used, focused on the study of the characteristics of the emotional, value-semantic and behavioral spheres of the personality. The obtained empirical data were processed with the help of factor analysis. Three clusters have been identified that combine similar personality characteristics of suicides. It was specified that among adolescents there are the following personality types: “militant” (22%), “sacrifice” (54%) and “self-deprecating” (24%). Each type of adolescent suicide is due to the characteristics of the emotional, value-semantic and behavioral spheres of their personality. To develop targeted programs for the prevention of suicidal behavior among adolescents, it is necessary to take into account the results of the study, since such programs should be aimed at blocking the factors that form a certain type of suicide

Determinantes sociais e psicológicos de estados depressivos em estudantes do segundo grau

The purpose of the study is to determine how the demand for self-actualization, level of development, and satisfaction, combined with the degree of social isolation of adolescents, affects their risk of depression. A total of 600 adolescents aged 15-16 were surveyed (random sample, 320 girls and 280 boys). A high level of positive correlation was revealed between the indicators of self-esteem of social isolation of adolescents and the severity of their depressive states, as well as a negative correlation of depressive states with indicators of the level of their self-actualization. The study showed that social exclusion can be both a cause and a consequence of various depressive states. This study confirmed the importance of examining the tendency of adolescents to show depression, and it is essential to take into account even low levels of depression.El propósito del estudio es determinar cómo la demanda de autorrealización, el nivel de desarrollo y satisfacción, combinado con el grado de aislamiento social de los adolescentes, afecta su riesgo de depresión. Materiales y métodos. Se encuestó a un total de 600 adolescentes de 15 a 16 años (muestra aleatoria, 320 niñas y 280 niños). Se reveló un alto nivel de correlación positiva entre los indicadores de autoestima del aislamiento social de los adolescentes y la gravedad de sus estados depresivos, así como una correlación negativa de los estados depresivos con indicadores del nivel de su autorrealización. Discusión. El estudio mostró que la exclusión social puede ser tanto causa como consecuencia de diversos estados depresivos. Conclusión. Este estudio confirmó la importancia de examinar la tendencia de los adolescentes a mostrar depresión, y es fundamental tener en cuenta incluso los niveles bajos de depresión.O objetivo do estudo é determinar como a demanda por autorrealização, nível de desenvolvimento e satisfação, combinados com o grau de isolamento social dos adolescentes, afeta seu risco de depressão. Foram pesquisados 600 adolescentes de 15 a 16 anos (amostra aleatória, 320 meninas e 280 meninos). Foi revelado um alto nível de correlação positiva entre os indicadores de autoestima de isolamento social dos adolescentes e a gravidade de seus estados depressivos, bem como uma correlação negativa dos estados depressivos com indicadores do nível de sua autorrealização. O estudo mostrou que a exclusão social pode ser causa e consequência de vários estados depressivos. Este estudo confirmou a importância de examinar a tendência dos adolescentes a apresentarem depressão, sendo essencial levar em conta mesmo níveis baixos de depressão

Експериментальне обґрунтування компонування апаратів зовнішньої фіксації у разі подовження гомілок у дітей

 Achondroplasia is a genetically caused disease, which is accompanied mainly by a violation of the growth of the skeleton and limbs in length. Most authors came to the conclusion that it is advisable to carry out the elongation simultaneously on the symmetrical segments, and begin with the legs. At the same time, the authors note a significant number of complications, among which the most severe are the appearance of secondary deformations of the segment during distraction. Objective: to determine the stabilizing capabilities of external fixators (EF) with their various configurations in the experiment on physical models. Methods: an experimental study was carried out on physical models of plastic tibia that was cut in the upper third of the diaphysis. In the experimental group, EF were fixed on the model according to the author’s scheme with a V-shaped arrangement of rods in the proximal tibia (3 models). As a comparison group, we used models with EF, which were fixed according to the «classical» scheme with the location of all the rods in one plane (3 models). All models were tested under axial compressive loads. Bending loads were performed in two planes: parallel and perpendicular to the support beam of the EF. Results: at compression loads of up to 50 N, the displacement of the proximal fragments of the tibia does not have statistically significant differences (p = 0.066). At loads of 100 N or more, the EFs, which were fixed according to the V-shaped scheme, provided smaller displacements of the proximal fragment of the tibia in the diastasis zone compare to EFs with an in-line layout of the rods. At loads of 50 and 150 N, the in-line arrangement of the EF provides a statistically significantly less (at the level of p = 0.001 and 0.019, respectively) displacement of the proximal tibia fragment in the area of EF application of the load than the EF according to the V-shaped pattern. At loads of 100 and 200 N, there is no statistically significant difference between the displacements of the fragments in the both models. (р > 0.2). Under bending loads in the plane perpendicular to the supporting beam of the EF, devices with a V-shaped arrangement provide more stable fixation of the proximal fragment of the tibia than comparative model. Conclusions: the V-shaped arrangement of the EF allows statistically significantly stabilize fixation of fragments of the tibia than the EF with the in-line layout of the rods in almost all the studied loading methods.Ахондроплазия — генетически обусловленная болезнь, сопровождающаяся нарушением роста скелета и конечностей в длину. Удлинение проводят одновременно на симметричных сегментах, начиная с голеней. При этом отмечено значительное количество осложнений, наиболее тяжелые — появление вторичных деформаций сегмента при дистракции.Цель: в эксперименте на физических моделях определить стабилизирующие возможности аппаратов внешней фиксации (АВФ) различной компоновки.Методы: использованы физические модели пластиковых большеберцовых костей (ББК), которые разрезали в верхней трети диафиза. В экспериментальной группе на 3 модели накладывали АВФ по авторской схеме с V-образным расположением стержней в проксимальном отделе ББК. Группа сравнения — 3 модели, АВФ установлены по «классической» схеме, с расположением всех стержней в одной плоскости. Модели испытывали при осевых нагрузках на сжатие. На изгиб нагружали в двух плоскостях: параллельно и перпендикулярно опорной балке АВФ.Результаты: при нагрузках на сжатие до 50 Н смещения проксимальных фрагментов ББК в группах существенно не отличались (р = 0,066). При нагрузках в 100 Н и более АВФ, наложенные по V-образной схеме, обеспечивали меньшие смещения проксимального фрагмента ББК в зоне диастаза, чем АВФ в группе сравнения. При нагрузках на изгиб в 50 и 150 Н в зоне их приложения рядная компоновка АВФ обеспечила значительно меньшее (р < 0,05) смещение проксимального фрагмента ББК, чем АВФ по V-образной схеме. При нагрузках в 100 и 200 Н разницы между величинами смещения фрагментов в группах не обнаружено (р > 0,2). При нагрузках на изгиб в плоскости, перпендикулярной опорной балке, АВФ с V-образной компоновкой обеспечили более стабильную фиксацию проксимального фрагмента ББК, чем АВФ с рядной компоновкой стержней.Выводы: V-образная компоновка АВФ позволяет достичь большей стабильности фиксации фрагментов ББК, чем АВФ с рядной компоновкой стержней.Ахондроплазія — генетично обумовлена хвороба, яка супроводжується порушенням росту скелета і кінцівок у довжину. Подовження проводять одночасно на симетричних сегментах, починаючи з гомілок. При цьому визначено значну кількість ускладнень, найбільш важкі — поява вторинних деформацій сегмента під час дистракції.Мета: в експерименті на фізичних моделях визначити стабілізувальні можливості апаратів зовнішньої фіксації (АЗФ) різного компонування. Методи: використані фізичні моделі пластикових великогомілкових кісток (ВГК), які розрізали у верхній третині діафіза. В експериментальній групі на 3 моделі накладали АЗФ, розроблені за авторською схемою з V-подібним розташуванням стрижнів у проксимальному відділі ВГК. Група порівняння — 3 моделі, АЗФ встановлені за «класичною» схемою, із розташуванням усіх стрижнів в одній площині. Моделі випробували за осьових навантажень на стиск. На вигин навантажували у двох площинах: паралельно та перпендикулярно опорній балці АЗФ.Результати: у разі навантажень на стиск до 50 Н зміщення проксимальних фрагментів ВГК у групах істотно не відрізнялися (р = 0,066). За умов навантаження в 100 Н і більше АЗФ, накладені за V-подібною схемою, забезпечували менші зміщення проксимального фрагмента ВГК у зоні діастаза, ніж АЗФ у групі порівняння. За умов навантаження на вигин в 50 і 150 Н у зоні їхнього застосування рядне компонування АЗФ забезпечило значно менші (р <0,05) зміщення проксимального фрагмента ВГК, ніж АЗФ за V-подібною схемою. У випадку навантаження в 100 і 200 Н різниці між величинами зміщення фрагментів у групах не виявлено (р > 0,2). У разі навантажень на вигин у площині, перпендикулярній опорної балці, АЗФ із V-подібним компонуванням забезпечили стабільнішу фіксацію проксимального фрагмента ВГК, ніж АЗФ із рядним компонуванням стрижнів.Висновки: V-подібне компонування АЗФ дозволяє досягти більшої стабільності фіксації фрагментів ВГК, ніж АЗФ із рядним компонуванням стрижнів

Typology and Factorial Conditioning of Suicidal Behavior of Adolescents

The problem of suicidal behavior of an individual continues to remain relevant, due to the increase in the number of suicides among people of different ages, on the one hand, and insufficient information about the factors of suicidal behavior of an individual. The purpose of the study is to identify the factors that determine the formation of a certain type of personality who committed suicidal attempts in adolescence. In order to identify the types of adolescent suicides, there was conducted a survey of 20 doctors in psychiatric clinical hospitals in Moscow. The survey results were processed using cluster analysis. To identify the factorial conditioning of suicidal behavior of each personality type, a complex of psychodiagnostic techniques was used, focused on the study of the characteristics of the emotional, value-semantic and behavioral spheres of the personality. The obtained empirical data were processed with the help of factor analysis. Three clusters have been identified that combine similar personality characteristics of suicides. It was specified that among adolescents there are the following personality types: “militant” (22%), “sacrifice” (54%) and “self-deprecating” (24%). Each type of adolescent suicide is due to the characteristics of the emotional, value-semantic and behavioral spheres of their personality. To develop targeted programs for the prevention of suicidal behavior among adolescents, it is necessary to take into account the results of the study, since such programs should be aimed at blocking the factors that form a certain type of suicide.El problema de la conducta suicida de un individuo sigue siendo relevante, debido al aumento del número de suicidios entre personas de diferentes edades, por un lado, y la información insuficiente sobre los factores de la conducta suicida de un individuo. El propósito del estudio es identificar los factores que determinan la formación de cierto tipo de personalidad que cometió intentos suicidas en la adolescencia. Para identificar los tipos de suicidios de adolescentes, se realizó una encuesta a 20 médicos en hospitales clínicos psiquiátricos en Moscú. Los resultados de la encuesta se procesaron mediante análisis de conglomerados. Para identificar el condicionamiento factorial de la conducta suicida de cada tipo de personalidad, se utilizó un complejo de técnicas de psicodiagnóstico, enfocadas al estudio de las características de las esferas emocional, valor-semántica y conductual de la personalidad. Los datos empíricos obtenidos se procesaron con la ayuda de análisis factorial. Se han identificado tres grupos que combinan características de personalidad similares a los suicidas. Se precisó que entre los adolescentes existen los siguientes tipos de personalidad: “militante” (22%), “sacrificio” (54%) y “autocrítico” (24%). Cada tipo de suicidio adolescente se debe a las características de las esferas emocional, valor-semántica y conductual de su personalidad. Para desarrollar programas focalizados para la prevención de conductas suicidas entre adolescentes, es necesario tener en cuenta los resultados del estudio, ya que dichos programas deben estar dirigidos a bloquear los factores que forman un determinado tipo de suicidi

Physiological Basis of The Correction of Postural Disorders by Regular Ordered Muscular Activity

Posture deformation occurs under the influence of factors that violate the vertical position of the spine. When the load on the spine is redistributed, the position of the body is adjusted by selective training of the muscles of the trunk and changing the position of the pelvis in the frontal plane. Exercises for impaired posture should be aimed primarily at preventing progression and correcting curvature and twisting of the vertebrae. It is important not only the correction of curvature, but also the stabilization of the spine in a corrected position. Saving the achieved results contributes to the formation of a new static-dynamic stereotype of the spine. This is possible by deliberately influencing the upper and lower in relation to the main curvature of the links of the musculoskeletal system and muscle tone-regulating groups involved in posture formation.La deformación de la postura ocurre bajo la influencia de factores que violan la posición vertical de la columna vertebral. Cuando la carga en la columna se redistribuye, la posición del cuerpo se ajusta mediante el entrenamiento selectivo de los músculos del tronco y cambiando la posición de la pelvis en el plano frontal. Los ejercicios para una postura alterada deben estar dirigidos principalmente a prevenir la progresión y corregir la curvatura y la torsión de las vértebras. Es importante no solo la corrección de la curvatura, sino también la estabilización de la columna vertebral en una posición corregida. Guardar los resultados obtenidos contribuye a la formación de un nuevo estereotipo estático-dinámico de la columna vertebral. Esto es posible al influir deliberadamente en la parte superior e inferior en relación con la curvatura principal de los enlaces del sistema musculoesquelético y los grupos de regulación del tono muscular involucrados en la formación de la postur