Особенности акушерско-гинекологического консультирования беременных, страдающих эпилепсией

БЕРЕМЕННОСТИ ОСЛОЖНЕНИЯЭПИЛЕПСИ

Evaluation of backbone-cyclized HER2-binding 2-helix Affibody molecule for In Vivo molecular imaging

Introduction Affibody molecules, small scaffold proteins, have demonstrated an appreciable potential as imaging probes. Affibody molecules are composed of three alpha-helices. Helices 1 and 2 are involved in molecular recognition, while helix 3 provides stability. The size of Affibody molecules can be reduced by omitting the third alpha-helix and cross-linking the two remaining, providing a smaller molecule with better extravasation and quicker clearance of unbound tracer. The goal of this study was to develop a novel 2-helix Affibody molecule based on backbone cyclization by native chemical ligation (NCL). Methods The HER2-targeting NCL-cyclized Affibody molecule ZHER2:342min has been designed, synthesized and site-specifically conjugated with a DOTA chelator. DOTA-ZHER2:342min was labeled with 111In and 68 Ga. The binding affinity of DOTA-ZHER2:342min was evaluated in vitro. The targeting properties of 111In- and 68 Ga-DOTA-ZHER2:342min were evaluated in mice bearing SKOV-3 xenografts and compared with the properties of 111In- and 68 Ga-labeled PEP09239, a DOTA-conjugated 2-helix Affibody analogue cyclized by a homocysteine disulfide bridge. Results The dissociation constant (KD) for DOTA-ZHER2:342min binding to HER2 was 18 nM according to SPR measurements. DOTA-ZHER2:342min was labeled with 111In and 68 Ga. Both conjugates demonstrated bi-phasic binding kinetics to HER2-expressing cells, with KD1 in low nanomolar range. Both variants demonstrated specific uptake in HER2-expressing xenografts. Tumor-to-blood ratios at 2 h p.i. were 6.1 ± 1.3 for 111In- DOTA-ZHER2:342min and 4.6 ± 0.7 for 68 Ga-DOTA-ZHER2:342min. However, the uptake of DOTA-ZHER2:342min in lung, liver and spleen was appreciably higher than the uptake of PEP09239-based counterparts. Conclusions Native chemical ligation enables production of a backbone-cyclized HER2-binding 2-helix Affibody molecule (ZHER2:342min) with low nanomolar target affinity and specific tumor uptake.NOTICE: this is the author's version of a work that was accepted for publication in Nuclear Medicine and Biology. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in:Honarvar H, Jokilaasko N, Andersson K, Malmberg J, Rosik D, Orlova A, Eriksson Karlström A, Tolmachev V, Järver P. Evaluation of Backbone-Cyclized HER2-Binding Two-Helix Affibody Molecule for In Vivo Molecular Imaging. Nucl Med Biol, 40,3, 2013 Apr; :378-86 DOI 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2012.12.009.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969805112003204</p

Comparative Evaluation of Novel Lu-177-Labeled PNA Probes for Affibody-Mediated PNA-Based Pretargeting

Simple Summary Affibody molecules are small, engineered affinity proteins based on a nonimmunoglobulin scaffold. Affibody-based radionuclide imaging probes have demonstrated excellent tumor targeting. However, the renal clearance of affibody molecules is accompanied by high reabsorption and retention of activity in the kidney, which prevents their use for radionuclide therapy. We have previously shown the feasibility of overcoming the high renal uptake using a pretargeting approach for affibody-mediated therapy based on peptide nucleic acid (PNA) hybridization. In this study, we test the hypothesis that shortening the PNA pretargeting probes would further increase the difference between the accumulation of radiometals in tumor xenografts and in kidneys. A series of novel PNA probes has been designed and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. We have found that a variant containing 9 nucleobases enables a two-fold increase of the tumor-to-kidney dose ratio compared with a variant containing 15 nucleobases. This creates preconditions for more efficient therapy of cancer. Affibody-mediated PNA-based pretargeting is a promising approach to radionuclide therapy of HER2-expressing tumors. In this study, we test the hypothesis that shortening the PNA pretargeting probes would increase the tumor-to-kidney dose ratio. The primary probe Z(HER2:342)-SR-HP15 and the complementary secondary probes HP16, HP17, and HP18, containing 9, 12, and 15 nucleobases, respectively, and carrying a 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) chelator were designed, synthesized, characterized in vitro, and labeled with Lu-177. In vitro pretargeting was studied in HER2-expressing SKOV3 and BT474 cell lines. The biodistribution of these novel probes was evaluated in immunodeficient mice bearing SKOV3 xenografts and compared to the previously studied [Lu-177]Lu-HP2. Characterization confirmed the formation of high-affinity duplexes between HP15 and the secondary probes, with the affinity correlating with the length of the complementary PNA sequences. All the PNA-based probes were bound specifically to HER2-expressing cells in vitro. In vivo studies demonstrated HER2-specific uptake of all Lu-177-labeled probes in xenografts in a pretargeting setting. The ratio of cumulated radioactivity in the tumor to the radioactivity in kidneys was dependent on the secondary probe's size and decreased with an increased number of nucleobases. The shortest PNA probe, [Lu-177]Lu-HP16, showed the highest tumor-to-kidney ratio. [Lu-177]Lu-HP16 is the most promising secondary probe for affibody-mediated tumor pretargeting

Comparative Evaluation of Anti-HER2 Affibody Molecules Labeled with Cu-64 Using NOTA and NODAGA

Imaging using affi body molecules enables discrimination between breast cancer metastases with high and low expression of HER2, making appropriate therapy selection possible. This study aimed to evaluate if the longer half-life of Cu-64 (T-1/2 = 12.7h) would make Cu-64 a superior nuclide compared to Ga-68 for PET imaging of HER2 expression using affibody molecules. The synthetic ZHER2: S1 affibody molecule was conjugated with the chelators NOTA or NODAGA and labeled with Cu-64. The tumor-targeting properties of Cu-64-NOTA-ZHER2: S1 and Cu-64-NODAGA-ZHER2: S1 were evaluated and compared with the targeting properties of Ga-68-NODAGA-ZHER2: S1 in mice. Both 64 Cu-NOTA-ZHER2: S1 and Cu-64-NODAGA-ZHER2: S1 demonstrated specific targeting of HER2-expressing xenografts. At 2 h after injection of Cu-64-NOTA-ZHER2: S1, Cu-64-NODAGA-ZHER2: S1, and Ga-68-NODAGAZHER2: S1, tumor uptakes did not differ significantly. Renal uptake of Cu-64-labeled conjugateswas dramatically reduced at 6 and 24 h after injection. Notably, radioactivity uptake concomitantly increased in blood, lung, liver, spleen, and intestines, which resulted in decreased tumor-to-organ ratios compared to 2 h postinjection. Organ uptake was lower for Cu-64-NODAGA-ZHER2: S1. The most probable explanation for this biodistribution pattern was the release and redistribution of renal radiometabolites. In conclusion, monoamide derivatives of NOTA and NODAGA may be suboptimal chelators for radiocopper labeling of anti-HER2 affibody molecules and, possibly, other scaffold proteins with high renal uptake