The Role of Water Resources Management in Reducing the Production Costs of Agricultural Products

In order to achieve the goals of sustainable agricultural and rural development, agricultural education is an issue that should be in base considered and researched according to the importance of the issue and its related challenges must be realistically analyzed, Since water is one of the effective factors in the agricultural sector that plays a vital role in the production of agricultural products. There are several factors for low water productivity in the country, one of which can be considered non-optimal and unplanned use of water. It is clear that by increasing the level of awareness of farmers about the type of management of agricultural water resources it is possible to reduce current expenses and then to achieve high productivity and increasing income from crops and orchards. Therefore, in this study, the optimal management of water and reduction of production costs in the agricultural sector in Zabrkhan county of Neishabour city has been studied. The research method in this article was a descriptive- analytical method and the data was collected by two methods of library and field methods. The results show that the production cost per hectare of all crops in lands under water resources management is less than unmanaged lands. This rate varied between 3.4 to 16.8 percent. If we associate this reduction in production cost with product efficiency and use the cost per kilogram of production as a criterion, the reduction will be 165.2% for irrigated wheat, 150% for irrigated barley, 106.8% fodder corn and 54.4% for garden products. Therefore, according to the research results, the research hypothesis is confirmed

Phase Behaviour Study and Physical Properties Measurement for Athabasca Bitumen / Solvent Systems Applicable for Thermal and Hybrid Solvent Recovery Processes

The development of solvent-based and hybrid (solvent + steam) processes is hampered by limited data and modeling methodologies for bitumen/solvent systems. The economics of these processes depend on the efficiency of oil recovery and solvent recycling, both of which are a function of the phase behaviour solvent/bitumen system. Additionally, accurate phase behaviour data are critical for pipeline transportation, surface upgrading, and the design of refinery processes. Despite its importance, the study of phase behaviour has received less attention. The quantitative effects of solvent on bitumen viscosity, density, and transport mechanisms are also not well understood. The main aim of this research is to achieve a better understanding of the phase behaviour of bitumen/solvent systems at high temperatures approaching the conditions of in situ steam processes. The intention is not to develop recovery processes, but to provide the basic data and mechanistic understanding necessary for the quantitative assessment of these processes. This study focused on measuring and predicting the phase behaviour and thermo-properties of bitumen/solvent mixtures under different equilibrium conditions (single liquid, vapour-liquid, and liquid-liquid) over a wide range of temperatures (ambient to 200oC) and pressures (atmospheric to 10 MPa). An in-house pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) apparatus was designed and fabricated with a new, reliable phase detection method. The equilibrium properties of bitumen/solvent including phase composition, solubility, k-values, and thermo-physical properties (density and viscosity) which are required for the optimization of heated solvent-assisted bitumen recovery processes were experimentally measured. The experiments cover a wide range of solvents including hydrocarbon gases (methane and butane), carbon dioxide, and liquid hydrocarbons (pentane, heptane, and toluene). The effects of the equilibrium conditions (temperature and pressure) and the initial solvent concentration on the measured properties were investigated. The qualitative phase diagrams were also developed and evaluated based on the measurements and the volumetric behaviour of the mixtures. The correlation and prediction schemes were applied to represent the density and viscosity of raw bitumen and its mixtures diluted with liquid solvents. The bitumen was characterized and the Peng and Robinson equation of state was tuned and coupled with a characterization scheme to model the phase behaviour experimental data (density and solubility) for reservoir modeling purposes.2 year

Impact of water resources management on area under cultivation level and agricultural production efficiency (Case Study: Villages of Zebarkhan district of Neyshabur city)

The amount of water consumed in the agricultural sector in Iran is higher than the global average and this necessitates more attention to proper water management in this sector. Due to the climatic conditions of Iran, the average rainfall in most areas is lower than global rainfall. That is to say, the water issue is one of Iran's most important concerns or the greatest challenge for the people of this land. Examining the current agricultural situation indicates that despite the increased agricultural production potential due to the lack of a proper management system, optimal utilization of available resources has not become possible and droughts and reduced rainfall and increasing population followed reduce the amount of water consumed in the agricultural sector. The present study investigates the impact of agricultural water resources management on the economic development of rural settlements (Case study: Villages of Zebarkhan district of Neyshabur city). This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of descriptive and analytical method and library and field methods have been used for data collection. According to the results of the present study and data analysis regarding the amount of water consumed in the study area, it was observed that the amount of water consumed per hectare for all crops in modern management lands was less than the fields where managed by the traditional way. This suggests that modern science-based scientific management has played a key role in reducing the loss of water resources within the scope of this study, and in contrast, water loss in farms that are managed in traditional ways is so high. Also, regarding the production efficiency in the study area, the results showed that the production efficiency per hectare for all crops was significantly higher than that under traditional management. This rate varied between 25 to 57.1%

The Role of Water Resources Management in Reducing the Production Costs of Agricultural Products

In order to achieve the goals of sustainable agricultural and rural development, agricultural education is an issue that should be in base considered and researched according to the importance of the issue and its related challenges must be realistically analyzed, Since water is one of the effective factors in the agricultural sector that plays a vital role in the production of agricultural products. There are several factors for low water productivity in the country, one of which can be considered non-optimal and unplanned use of water. It is clear that by increasing the level of awareness of farmers about the type of management of agricultural water resources it is possible to reduce current expenses and then to achieve high productivity and increasing income from crops and orchards. Therefore, in this study, the optimal management of water and reduction of production costs in the agricultural sector in Zabrkhan county of Neishabour city has been studied. The research method in this article was a descriptive- analytical method and the data was collected by two methods of library and field methods. The results show that the production cost per hectare of all crops in lands under water resources management is less than unmanaged lands. This rate varied between 3.4 to 16.8 percent. If we associate this reduction in production cost with product efficiency and use the cost per kilogram of production as a criterion, the reduction will be 165.2% for irrigated wheat, 150% for irrigated barley, 106.8% fodder corn and 54.4% for garden products. Therefore, according to the research results, the research hypothesis is confirmed.Para lograr las metas de desarrollo agrícola y rural sostenible, la educación agrícola es un tema que debe ser en base considerado e investigado de acuerdo a la importancia del tema y sus desafíos relacionados deben ser analizados de manera realista, ya que el agua es uno de los factores efectivos. en el sector agrícola que juega un papel vital en la producción de productos agrícolas. Existen varios factores para la baja productividad del agua en el país, uno de los cuales puede considerarse un uso del agua no óptimo y no planificado. Está claro que al aumentar el nivel de conciencia de los agricultores sobre el tipo de manejo de los recursos hídricos agrícolas es posible reducir los gastos corrientes y luego lograr una alta productividad y aumentar los ingresos de los cultivos y huertos. Por tanto, en este estudio se ha estudiado la gestión óptima del agua y la reducción de los costes de producción en el sector agrícola del condado de Zabrkhan de la ciudad de Neishabour. El método de investigación en este artículo fue un método descriptivo-analítico y los datos fueron recolectados por dos métodos de biblioteca y métodos de campo. Los resultados muestran que el costo de producción por hectárea de todos los cultivos en tierras bajo manejo de recursos hídricos es menor que en tierras no administradas. Esta tasa varió entre el 3,4 y el 16,8 por ciento. Si asociamos esta reducción del costo de producción con la eficiencia del producto y tomamos como criterio el costo por kilogramo de producción, la reducción será del 165,2% para el trigo de regadío, del 150% para la cebada de regadío, del 106,8% de maíz forrajero y del 54,4% para los productos de jardinería. Por tanto, según los resultados de la investigación, se confirma la hipótesis de investigación

Pore-Scale Modelling of Solvent-Based Recovery Processes

A need for a reduction in energy intensity and greenhouse gas emissions of bitumen and heavy oil recovery processes has led to the invention of several methods where mass-transfer-based recovery processes in terms of cold or heated solvent injection are used to reduce bitumen viscosity rather than steam injection. Despite the extensive numerical and experimental investigations, the field results are not always aligned to what is predicted unless several history matches are done. These discrepancies can be explained by investigating the mechanisms involved in mass transfer and corresponding viscosity reduction at the pore level. A two-phase multicomponent pore-scale simulator is developed to be used for realistic porous media simulation. The simulator developed predicts the chamber front velocity and chamber propagation in agreement with 2D experimental data in the literature. The simulator is specifically used for vapor extraction (VAPEX) modelling in a 2D porous medium. It was found that the solvent cannot reach its equilibrium value everywhere in the oleic phase confirming the non-equilibrium phase behavior in VAPEX. The equilibrium assumption is found to be invalid for VAPEX processes even at a small scale. The model developed can be used for further investigation of mass transfer-based processes in porous media