Le sujet de l'observance : l'expérience de l'accès aux traitements antirétroviraux de l'infection à VIH en Côte d'Ivoire

The topic of adherence. Experience of access to HIV antiretroviral treatments in Ivory Coast In the context of availability of antiretroviral treatments in Ivory Coast, this paper intends to make connections between patients', care givers' and health System' s attitudes and positions when it comes to ensure and improve adherence to a complex and hopeful treatment. Especially, the cost of treatments appears as a central issue: it is an important concern for patients, affecting their relationships with their family circle, as well as it moulds care givers' strategies to select beneficiaries of the treatment, a selection process which receives here a special consideration. As part of a System which has encouraged the development of a predictive approach to patients' adhérence — although it effectively generates non-adherence — , this cost question, after ail, becomes emblematic of moralistic discourses and practises in the relationships between patients and care givers.Résumé. Dans le contexte de l'accès aux traitements antirétroviraux du sida en Côte d'Ivoire, le propos de cet article est de mettre en relation les positions et les attitudes des patients, des soignants et du système de santé lorsqu'il s'agit de permettre et d'améliorer l'observance d'un traitement complexe et porteur d'espoir. En particulier, la question du coût des traitements apparaît centrale : elle constitue une préoccupation importante des patients, affectant les relations à leur entourage, et façonne les stratégies mises en œuvre par les soignants pour sélectionner les bénéficiaires d'un traitement. Participant d'un système qui a favorisé une approche prédictive de l'observance des patients — tout en générant de la non observance — , cette question du coût devient finalement emblématique de discours et de pratiques moralisateurs dans les relations entre soignants et patients.El sujeto de la observancia de los tratamientos. La experiencia del acceso a los tratamientos antiretrovirales de la infección al VIH en Costa de Marfîl En el contexto del acceso a los tratamientos antiretrovirales del sida en Costa de Marfil, el proposito de este artículo es poner en relación las posiciones y las actitudes de los pacientes, de los profesionales de la salud y del sistema cuando se trata de permitir y mejorar la obedencia a un trata- miento complejo y que trae esperanzas. La cuestión del precio de los tratamientos parece particularmente central : constituye una preocupación importante de los enfermos que desaira las relaciones con los familiares y sugiere las estrategias — objeto de una atención — puestas en obra por los profesionales de la salud para seleccionar a los que disfrutaran de un tratamiento. Participando de un sistema que favoreció un modo de acer- carse a la previsión de la observancia por los enfermos — cuyo efecto puede ser, al contrario, la falta de observancia — esta cuestión del precio es emblemática de discursos y prácticas morales dentro de la relacion terapéutica.Delaunay Karine, Vidal Laurent. Le sujet de l'observance. L'expérience de l'accès aux traitements antirétroviraux de l'infection à VIH en Côte d'Ivoire. In: Sciences sociales et santé. Volume 20, n°2, 2002. pp. 5-29

Facing the human health impacts of a changing climate: evidence from the southern European region

Extreme weather events caused by climate change, especially extreme heat and cold waves, are expected to increase in the next years. Due to its geographical characteristics, Portugal is among the European countries with the greatest vulnerability to these impacts, affecting disproportionality different socioeconomic groups, especially those with respiratory or circulatory health conditions, children, and the elderly. Set against this background, this study assessed the up-to-date knowledge of the current impact of weather and climate variability on the population health in the Central region of Portugal, namely the epidemiological evidence of the effects of heat waves and extreme cold on human health.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The mitochondrial protease HtrA2 restricts the NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes.

Activation of the inflammasome pathway is crucial for effective intracellular host defense. The mitochondrial network plays an important role in inflammasome regulation but the mechanisms linking mitochondrial homeostasis to attenuation of inflammasome activation are not fully understood. Here, we report that the Parkinson\u27s disease-associated mitochondrial serine protease HtrA2 restricts the activation of ASC-dependent NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes, in a protease activity-dependent manner. Consistently, disruption of the protease activity of HtrA2 results in exacerbated NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasome responses in macrophages ex vivo and systemically in vivo. Mechanistically, we show that the HtrA2 protease activity regulates autophagy and controls the magnitude and duration of inflammasome signaling by preventing prolonged accumulation of the inflammasome adaptor ASC. Our findings identify HtrA2 as a non-redundant mitochondrial quality control effector that keeps NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes in check

Gene organization, evolution and expression of the microtubule-associated protein ASAP (MAP9)

International audienceBackground : ASAP is a newly characterized microtubule-associated protein (MAP) essential for propercell-cycling. We have previously shown that expression deregulation of human ASAP results in profounddefects in mitotic spindle formation and mitotic progression leading to aneuploidy, cytokinesis defects and/or cell death. In the present work we analyze the structure and evolution of the ASAP gene, as well as thedomain composition of the encoded protein. Mouse and Xenopus cDNAs were cloned, the tissueexpression characterized and the overexpression profile analyzed. Results : Bona fide ASAP orthologs are found in vertebrates with more distantly related potentialorthologs in invertebrates. This single-copy gene is conserved in mammals where it maps to syntenicchromosomal regions, but is also clearly identified in bird, fish and frog. The human gene is stronglyexpressed in brain and testis as a 2.6 Kb transcript encoding a ~110 KDa protein. The protein containsMAP, MIT-like and THY domains in the C-terminal part indicative of microtubule interaction, while the N-terminal part is more divergent. ASAP is composed of ~42% alpha helical structures, and two main coiled-coil regions have been identified. Different sequence features may suggest a role in DNA damage response. As with human ASAP, the mouse and Xenopus proteins localize to the microtubule network in interphaseand to the mitotic spindle during mitosis. Overexpression of the mouse protein induces mitotic defectssimilar to those observed in human. In situ hybridization in testis localized ASAP to the germ cells, whereasin culture neurons ASAP localized to the cell body and growing neurites. Conclusion : The conservation of ASAP indicated in our results reflects an essential function invertebrates. We have cloned the ASAP orthologs in mouse and Xenopus, two valuable models to studythe function of ASAP. Tissue expression of ASAP revealed a high expression in brain and testis, two tissuesrich in microtubules. ASAP associates to the mitotic spindle and cytoplasmic microtubules, and representsa key factor of mitosis with possible involvement in other cell cycle processes. It may have a role inspermatogenesis and also represents a potential new target for antitumoral drugs. Possible involvement inneuron dynamics also highlights ASAP as a candidate target in neurodegenerative disease

REQUIRED COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION ANALYSES IN RUNNING

The purpose of this study was to analyze the possible alterations in the required coefficient of friction (RCOF) in running under the following conditions: a) barefoot against shod; b) self-selected velocity and cadence versus imposed cadence and c) along three running phases (initial contact, mid-stance and propulsion). Two Kistler force plates were used to measure the horizontal and vertical components of ground reaction forces in order to calculate the RCOF. Statistical differences were found for cadence and phase factors. Barefoot-Shod conditions did not present statistical differences. An interaction between velocity and phase of cycle was found. At propulsion phase, an increased RCOF were revealed, especially with the interaction of an imposed cadence. In conclusion, the present study supports the relevance of RCOF as a variable affecting and being affected during running to be taken into consideration at many experimental conditions

125 ANOS DA REVISTA ACADÊMICA: BREVE HISTÓRICO

A Biblioteca da Faculdade de Direito do Recife possui em sua Coleção Especial inúmeras fontes de pesquisa frequentemente requeridas por pesquisadores para o desenvolvimento de seus estudos, ou simplesmente por usuários que desejam ampliar seu leque de leituras. Dentre as principais destaca-se a Revista Acadêmica, uma das mais antigas publicações periódicas do país, iniciada em 1891. O presente trabalho propõe apresentar um breve histórico da Revista Acadêmica em comemoração aos seus 125 anos de produção elencando as mudanças físicas e editoriais que marcam a trajetória da publicação e a caracterizam não apenas enquanto periódico científico, como também, patrimônio histórico-cultural do Direito brasileiro

A dietary supplementation with leucine and antioxidants is capable to accelerate muscle mass recovery after immobilization in adult rats

Prolonged inactivity induces muscle loss due to an activation of proteolysis and decreased protein synthesis; the latter is also involved in the recovery of muscle mass. The aim of the present work was to explore the evolution of muscle mass and protein metabolism during immobilization and recovery and assess the effect of a nutritional strategy for counteracting muscle loss and facilitating recovery. Adult rats (6-8 months) were subjected to unilateral hindlimb casting for 8 days (10-18) and then permitted to recover for 10 to 40 days (R10-R40). They were fed a Control or Experimental diet supplemented with antioxidants/polyphenols (AOX) (10 to 18), AOX and leucine (AOX + LEU) (18 to R15) and LEU alone (R15 to R40). Muscle mass, absolute protein synthesis rate and proteasome activities were measured in gastrocnemius muscle in casted and non-casted legs in post prandial (PP) and post absorptive (PA) states at each time point. Immobilized gastrocnemius protein content was similarly reduced (-37%) in both diets compared to the non-casted leg. Muscle mass recovery was accelerated by the AOX and LEU supplementation (+6% AOX+LEU vs. Control, P<0.05 at R40) due to a higher protein synthesis both in PA and PP states (+23% and 31% respectively, Experimental vs. Control diets, P<0.05, R40) without difference in trypsin-and chymotrypsin-like activities between diets. Thus, this nutritional supplementation accelerated the recovery of muscle mass via a stimulation of protein synthesis throughout the entire day (in the PP and PA states) and could be a promising strategy to be tested during recovery from bed rest in humans

Factors associated with preventable infant death: a multiple logistic regression

OBJECTIVE: To identify and analyze factors associated with preventable child deaths. METHODS: This analytical cross-sectional study had preventable child mortality as dependent variable. From a population of 34,284 live births, we have selected a systematic sample of 4,402 children who did not die compared to 272 children who died from preventable causes during the period studied. The independent variables were analyzed in four hierarchical blocks: sociodemographic factors, the characteristics of the mother, prenatal and delivery care, and health conditions of the patient and neonatal care. We performed a descriptive statistical analysis and estimated multiple hierarchical logistic regression models. RESULTS: Approximatelly 35.3% of the deaths could have been prevented with the early diagnosis and treatment of diseases during pregnancy and 26.8% of them could have been prevented with better care conditions for pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS: The following characteristics of the mother are determinant for the higher mortality of children before the first year of life: living in neighborhoods with an average family income lower than four minimum wages, being aged ≤ 19 years, having one or more alive children, having a child with low APGAR level at the fifth minute of life, and having a child with low birth weight

P27Kip1 directly represses Sox2 during embryonic stem cell differentiation

The mechanisms responsible for the transcriptional silencing of pluripotency genes in differentiated cells are poorly understood. We have observed that cells lacking the tumor suppressor p27 can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in the absence of ectopic Sox2. Interestingly, cells and tissues from p27 null mice, including brain, lung, and retina, present an elevated basal expression of Sox2, suggesting that p27 contributes to the repression of Sox2. Furthermore, p27 null iPSCs fail to fully repress Sox2 upon differentiation. Mechanistically, we have found that upon differentiation p27 associates to the SRR2 enhancer of the Sox2 gene together with a p130-E2F4-SIN3A repressive complex. Finally, Sox2 haploinsufficiency genetically rescues some of the phenotypes characteristic of p27 null mice, including gigantism, pituitary hyperplasia, pituitary tumors, and retinal defects. Collectively, these results demonstrate an unprecedented connection between p27 and Sox2 relevant for reprogramming and cancer and for understanding human pathologies associated with p27 germline mutations

Qualidade de vida de pacientes com Psoríase – uma revisão da literatura

A psoríase é uma doença crônica da pele caracterizada pelo rápido acúmulo de células na superfície epidermal, levando à formação de placas avermelhadas e escamosas, com sintomas como coceira, dor e desconforto. Os tipos de psoríase incluem a psoríase em placas, gutata, inversa, pustulosa, eritrodermia, pustulose palmar-plantar e psoríase das unhas, cada uma com características distintas. A prevalência varia, afetando aproximadamente 2% da população mundial, com incidência mais comum em adultos jovens e idosos. A psoríase trás além de questões físicas como dor e coceira, também questões psicológicas como auto estima e ansiedade, por isso é importante investigar como é dada a qualidade de vida destes pacientes crônicos. A maioria dos tratamentos auxilia na qualidade de vida, tanto no alivio as dores quanto nas questões psicológicas ajudando a manter a auto estima. Muitos pacientes tem medo de perder acesso aos seus respectivos tratamentos. A capacidade de controlar os sintomas da psoríase não só alivia o desconforto físico, mas também reduz o estresse, a ansiedade e a depressão associados à condição