Desarrollo de procesos lógicos en Maloka

Presentamos como ejemplos dos de los talleres propuestos desde uno de los proyectos de práctica educativa de la Licenciatura en matemáticas de la Universidad Pedagógica Nacional en Maloka, basados en los insumos con los que cuenta este espacio de educación no formal, en particular las mesas de Matemática 2000, a partir de los cuales esperamos contribuir conjuntamente al desarrollo de procesos lógicos en los ciudadanos colombianos que los desarrollen

La imagen y la narrativa como herramientas para el abordaje psicosocial en escenarios de violencia. Departamento de Boyacá

El presente trabajo del Diplomado “Acompañamientos Psicosociales en Escenarios de Violencia”, tiene como objetivo analizar y reflexionar acerca de realidad de las víctimas del conflicto armado que se vive en Colombia y cómo se aborda este escenario desde la memoria y subjetividad, reconociendo el rol del psicólogo como eje fundamental para el trabajo psicosocial y acompañamiento a las poblaciones más vulnerable de este país, tomando como punto de referencia las historias de las víctimas. Con este fin se analizó el relato de Alfredo Campo expuesto en el texto voces historias de violencia y esperanza en Colombia, el caso peñas coloradas y la fotovoz como herramienta de intervención psicosocial aplicada en el departamento de Boyacá. Con todo, se logró establecer que el conflicto armado ha desencadenado múltiples situaciones que afectan directa e indirectamente a la población, dado que desde la subjetividad y la memoria se evidencian conductas de riesgo, además de los sueños frustrados y rompimientos de vínculos o núcleos familiares y sociales, Por medio del enfoque narrativo se evidencian distintos escenarios de violencia presentes en el territorio Boyacense, lo cual permite narrar lo que las víctimas expresan desde sus vivencias la manera en la cual han logrado salir adelante y como se han empoderado y apoyado como seres resilientes para continuar con sus vidas.The present work of the “Psychosocial Accompaniment in Scenarios of Violence” Diploma, aims to analyze and reflect on the reality of the victims of the armed conflict that exists in Colombia and how this scenario is approached from memory and subjectivity, recognizing the role of the psychologist as a fundamental axis for psychosocial work and accompaniment to the most vulnerable populations in this country, taking the stories of the victims as a point of reference. To this end, the story of Alfredo Campo exposed in the text voices stories of violence and hope in Colombia, the Peñas Coloradas case and the photovoice as a psychosocial intervention tool applied in the department of Boyacá were analyzed. All in all, it will be established that the armed conflict has unleashed multiple situations that directly and indirectly affect the population, given that from subjectivity and memory risk behaviors are evident, as well as frustrated dreams and breaking ties or family nuclei and Through the narrative approach, different scenarios of violence present in the Boyacense territory are evidenced, which allows narrating what the victims express from their experiences, the way in which they have managed to get ahead and how they have been empowered and supported as resilient beings. To continue with their lives

In vivo parasitological measures of artemisinin susceptibility

Parasite clearance data from 18,699 patients with falciparum malaria treated with an artemisinin derivative in areas of low (n=14,539), moderate (n=2077), and high (n=2083) levels of malaria transmission across the world were analyzed to determine the factors that affect clearance rates and identify a simple in vivo screening measure for artemisinin resistance. The main factor affecting parasite clearance time was parasite density on admission. Clearance rates were faster in high-transmission settings and with more effective partner drugs in artemisinin-based combination treatments (ACTs). The result of the malaria blood smear on day 3 (72 h) was a good predictor of subsequent treatment failure and provides a simple screening measure for artemisinin resistance. Artemisinin resistance is highly unlikely if the proportion of patients with parasite densities of <100,000 parasites/microL given the currently recommended 3-day ACT who have a positive smear result on day 3 is <3%; that is, for n patients the observed number with a positive smear result on day 3 does not exceed (n + 60)/24

Efectos clínicos del pedaleo pasivo en personas con lesión medular torácica crónica

Introducción: el pedaleo pasivo (PP) es considerado una herramienta en la rehabilitación de personas con lesiónmedular (LM). Objetivo: revisar la evidencia científica sobre los efectos clínicos producidos por intervenciones que emplean PP en personas con lesión medular torácica crónica. Metodología: revisión narrativa. Se realizó unabúsqueda en las bases de información  científica MEDLINE, CINAHL, LILACS, PEDro y Clinicalkey de artículos en inglés y español, con términos como “spinal cord injury”, “thoracic injuries”, “passive pedaling”, “cycling passive” y “protocol”, entre otros. Resultados: se obtuvieron 14 artículos que describen efectos limitados a nivel de los sistemas cardiovascular, neuromuscular y musculoesquelético; se encontró heterogeneidad clínica en los sujetos del estudio, así como diferencias en los parámetros de realización del pedaleo. Conclusiones: los estudios del PP en personas con LM torácica crónica evalúan en su mayoría el efecto de una única sesión. Los cambioscardiovasculares son estudiados con mayor frecuencia, aunque se requieren más investigaciones.Introduction: Passive leg cycling is considered as a tool in rehabilitation of people with spinal cord injury (SCI). Objective: To review the scientific evidence on the clinical effects produced by interventions that use passive leg cycling in people with chronic thoracic spinal cord injury. Methodology: Narrative review. A search was performed by using the MEDLINE, CINAHL, LILACS, PEDro and Clinicalkey databases, for articles in English and Spanish, with terms such as “spinal cord injury”, “thoracic injuries”, “passive pedaling”, “passive cycling” and “protocol”, among others. Results: 14 papers were included in our research which described limited effects at the level of the cardiovascular, neuromuscular and musculoskeletal systems. We found clinical heterogeneity in the subjects, as well as differences in the cycling parameters used by authors. Conclusions: Studies of PP in people with chronic thoracic SCI mostly evaluated the effect of a single session. Cardiovascular changes were mostly studied; however, more evidence is needed.Introducción: el pedaleo pasivo (PP) es considerado una herramienta en la rehabilitación de personas con lesiónmedular (LM). Objetivo: revisar la evidencia científica sobre los efectos clínicos producidos por intervenciones que emplean PP en personas con lesión medular torácica crónica. Metodología: revisión narrativa. Se realizó unabúsqueda en las bases de información  científica MEDLINE, CINAHL, LILACS, PEDro y Clinicalkey de artículos en inglés y español, con términos como “spinal cord injury”, “thoracic injuries”, “passive pedaling”, “cycling passive” y “protocol”, entre otros. Resultados: se obtuvieron 14 artículos que describen efectos limitados a nivel de los sistemas cardiovascular, neuromuscular y musculoesquelético; se encontró heterogeneidad clínica en los sujetos del estudio, así como diferencias en los parámetros de realización del pedaleo. Conclusiones: los estudios del PP en personas con LM torácica crónica evalúan en su mayoría el efecto de una única sesión. Los cambioscardiovasculares son estudiados con mayor frecuencia, aunque se requieren más investigaciones

The relationship between the haemoglobin concentration and the haematocrit in Plasmodium falciparum malaria

BACKGROUND: Malaria is a very important cause of anaemia in tropical countries. Anaemia is assessed either by measurement of the haematocrit or the haemoglobin concentration. For comparisons across studies, it is often necessary to derive one measure from the other. METHODS: Data on patients with slide-confirmed uncomplicated falciparum malaria were pooled from 85 antimalarial drug trials conducted in 25 different countries, to assess the haemoglobin/haematocrit relationship at different time points in malaria. Using a linear random effects model, a conversion equation for haematocrit was derived based on 3,254 measurements from various time points (ranging from day 0 to day 63) from 1,810 patients with simultaneous measurements of both parameters. Haemoglobin was also estimated from haematocrit with the commonly used threefold conversion. RESULTS: A good fit was obtained using Haematocrit = 5.62 + 2.60 * Haemoglobin. On average, haematocrit/3 levels were slightly higher than haemoglobin measurements with a mean difference (+/- SD) of -0.69 (+/- 1.3) for children under the age of 5 (n = 1,440 measurements from 449 patients). CONCLUSION: Based on this large data set, an accurate and robust conversion factor both in acute malaria and in convalescence was obtained. The commonly used threefold conversion is also valid

In Vivo Parasitological Measures of Artemisinin Susceptibility

Parasite clearance data from 18,699 patients with falciparum malaria treated with an artemisinin derivative in areas of low (n = 14,539), moderate (n = 2077), and high (n = 2083) levels of malaria transmission across the world were analyzed to determine the factors that affect clearance rates and identify a simple in vivo screening measure for artemisinin resistance. The main factor affecting parasite clearance time was parasite density on admission. Clearance rates were faster in high-transmission settings and with more effective partner drugs in artemisinin-based combination treatments (ACTs). The result of the malaria blood smear on day 3 (72 h) was a good predictor of subsequent treatment failure and provides a simple screening measure for artemisinin resistance. Artemisinin resistance is highly unlikely if the proportion of patients with parasite densities of <100,000 parasites/µL given the currently recommended 3-day ACT who have a positive smear result on day 3 is <3%; that is, for n patients the observed number with a positive smear result on day 3 does not exceed (n + 60)/2

Haematological consequences of acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria: a WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network pooled analysis of individual patient data

Background: Plasmodium falciparum malaria is associated with anaemia-related morbidity, attributable to host, parasite and drug factors. We quantified the haematological response following treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria to identify the factors associated with malarial anaemia. Methods: Individual patient data from eligible antimalarial efficacy studies of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria, available through the WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network data repository prior to August 2015, were pooled using standardised methodology. The haematological response over time was quantified using a multivariable linear mixed effects model with nonlinear terms for time, and the model was then used to estimate the mean haemoglobin at day of nadir and day 7. Multivariable logistic regression quantified risk factors for moderately severe anaemia (haemoglobin < 7 g/dL) at day 0, day 3 and day 7 as well as a fractional fall ≥ 25% at day 3 and day 7. Results: A total of 70,226 patients, recruited into 200 studies between 1991 and 2013, were included in the analysis: 50,859 (72.4%) enrolled in Africa, 18,451 (26.3%) in Asia and 916 (1.3%) in South America. The median haemoglobin concentration at presentation was 9.9 g/dL (range 5.0–19.7 g/dL) in Africa, 11.6 g/dL (range 5.0–20.0 g/dL) in Asia and 12.3 g/dL (range 6.9–17.9 g/dL) in South America. Moderately severe anaemia (Hb < 7g/dl) was present in 8.4% (4284/50,859) of patients from Africa, 3.3% (606/18,451) from Asia and 0.1% (1/916) from South America. The nadir haemoglobin occurred on day 2 post treatment with a mean fall from baseline of 0.57 g/dL in Africa and 1.13 g/dL in Asia. Independent risk factors for moderately severe anaemia on day 7, in both Africa and Asia, included moderately severe anaemia at baseline (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 16.10 and AOR = 23.00, respectively), young age (age < 1 compared to ≥ 12 years AOR = 12.81 and AOR = 6.79, respectively), high parasitaemia (AOR = 1.78 and AOR = 1.58, respectively) and delayed parasite clearance (AOR = 2.44 and AOR = 2.59, respectively). In Asia, patients treated with an artemisinin-based regimen were at significantly greater risk of moderately severe anaemia on day 7 compared to those treated with a non-artemisinin-based regimen (AOR = 2.06 [95%CI 1.39–3.05], p < 0.001). Conclusions: In patients with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria, the nadir haemoglobin occurs 2 days after starting treatment. Although artemisinin-based treatments increase the rate of parasite clearance, in Asia they are associated with a greater risk of anaemia during recovery

Temps, mode et aspect, les creoles des Caraibes a base lexicale française

grantor: University of TorontoThis thesis examines tense, mood and aspect (TMA) in French-based Caribbean creoles. The goal of the research is to identify certain problems and ambiguities in the verbal systems of these languages in order to contribute to the field of creolistics as well as to accepted TMA theories. Categorizing these notions is challenging since the traditional divisions are rather arbitrary and the semantic fields to which TMA refer overlap considerably. Nevertheless, the thesis begins by defining tense, mood and aspect as notions that refer to a point on the temporal dimension. Tense situates the event in time; aspect characterizes the internal structure of the event; mood describes the reality of the event. The particular TMA system found in French-based creoles is a distinctive feature of these creole languages and their verbal systems give priority to aspectual and modal differences. These languages have little morphological inflection; tense, mood and aspect are thus expressed by free morphemes that are preposed to invariable verbal forms. This thesis sheds light on the ambiguity of TMA categories and analyzes the manifestations of these notions. Through an examination of the nature of preverbal morphemes, we learn that the value of these particles is often but that French-based Caribbean creoles are not homogeneous languages. The thesis has a largely synchronic approach to its comparison of various creoles. Although TMA notions are universal, the results of this study verify that the character of temporal, modal and aspectual functioning is distinct to the languages in question. Despite certain surface similarities, the thesis confirms the existence of several independent creole verbal systems which are specific to each individual language.Ph.D

Percepción de la reforma tributaria estructural, con respecto al impuesto de renta, en la entidad asociación de vivienda altos de Villa Ninco

El propósito de esta actividad académica como requisito del diplomado de actualización de la Reforma Tributaria es estudiar la fundación “Asociación de Vivienda Altos de Villa Ninco” en la división contable y administrativa, ya que esta carece de elementos y conocimientos básicos que permitan desarrollar y enfatizar la “Ley 1819 de 2016”. En el lapso de este trabajo se proyecta empezar con los conocimientos que se obtuvo durante la formación del diplomado como principio y así poder facilitar los parámetros de orientación a las subdirecciones de la entidad. Se inicia revisando los documentos claves que nos permiten conocer el manejo contable y sus requisitos establecidos; como el Rut, el certificado de existencia representación legal y sus estados financieros, donde se reconoce que la fundación objeto de estudio, no está implementado la Ley 1819 del 2016. Además, la presentación de los impuestos como el de renta y complementarios y retención en la fuente, no se han presentado de una manera adecuada, debido que no cuentan con un personal idóneo para poder suplir soluciones frente a los asuntos tributarios y contables. De seguir así, la información contable no será real y las oportunidades de negocio, y beneficios que goza la asociación, se perderán por no tener un buen manejo de la información clara, válida y precisa en el ámbito financiero, cambiario y legal. Como organización se hizo una visita donde se manifestó que aún no cuentan con un software contable donde lleven la contabilidad, aun se lleva manual, y no tiene el certificado de existencia y representación legal y el Rut actualizado por motivo que van hacer cambio de representante legal. El propósito es poder orientar y analizar todas las inconsistencias que presenten la entidad, para desarrollar un plan de trabajo que permita mejorar la información contable volviéndola real y confiable. Cabe resaltar que la Ley 1819 del 2016 fortalece el gremio de las Entidades sin ánimo de lucro ESAL debido a que cuentan con más órganos de control y vigilancia frente a la declaración de impuestos, gravámenes y tasas, logrando así que la información contable de las ESAL mejore en muchas formalidades, evitando la evasión de impuestos y una serie de conflictos legales y extralegales. Se concluye, que la Asociación de Vivienda Altos de Villa Ninco necesita orientación y aplicación de La Ley 1819 del 2016 para que goce de sus beneficios y credibilidad, ya que en un futuro podrán mejorar sus ingresos, su buen nombre y estabilidad frente a las asociaciones del Huila. 13 Finalmente, esta investigación documental se centra en conocer a fondo el estado de la “Asociación de Vivienda Altos de Villa Ninco” frente a la Ley 1819 de 2016. Aunque la Asociación se encuentra dentro del grupo de las entidades sin ánimo de lucro (ESAL), existen desconocimientos de la Ley que podría llevar a dejar de ser considerada una ESAL por las entidades reguladoras (Cámara de Comercio, Alcaldía municipal de Neiva y la Dirección de impuestos y Aduanas nacionales - DIAN) y pérdida de los beneficios.The purpose of this academic activity as a requirement of the Diploma to update the Tax Reform is to study the foundation "High Housing Association of Villa Ninco" in the accounting and administrative division, since it lacks basic elements and knowledge that allow to develop and emphasize the "Law 1819 of 2016". In the span of this work, it is planned to start with the knowledge that was obtained during the training of the diploma as a principle and thus be able to facilitate the parameters of orientation to the subdirections of the entity. It starts by reviewing the key documents that allow us to know the accounting management and its established requirements; as the Rut, the certificate of existence legal representation and its financial statements, where it is recognized that the foundation under study, is not implemented Law 1819 of 2016. In addition, the presentation of taxes such as income and supplementary and retention in the source, have not been presented in an adequate manner, because they do not have a qualified staff to be able to supply solutions to tax and accounting issues. If this continues, the accounting information will not be real and the business opportunities and benefits enjoyed by the association will be lost due to not having a good management of clear, valid and accurate information in the financial, exchange and legal fields. As an organization, a visit was made where it was stated that they still do not have accounting software where they keep the accounting, even if it is manual, and does not have the certificate of existence and legal representation and the updated Rut for reasons that they are going to change their legal representative . The purpose is to be able to guide and analyze all the inconsistencies presented by the entity, to develop a work plan that allows improving the accounting information, making it real and reliable. It should be noted that Law 1819 of 2016 strengthens the guild of non-profit Entities ESAL because they have more control and monitoring bodies against the declaration of taxes, charges and fees, thus achieving the accounting information of the ESAL improve in many formalities, avoiding tax evasion and a series of legal and extralegal conflicts. It is concluded that the High Housing Association of Villa Ninco needs guidance and application of Law 1819 of 2016 to enjoy its benefits and credibility, since in the future they can improve their income, their good name and stability against associations of Huila. 13 Finally, this documentary research focuses on knowing the status of the "High Housing Association of Villa Ninco" in the face of Law 1819 of 2016. Although the Association is within the group of non-profit entities (ESAL) , there are ignorances of the Law that could lead to stop being considered an ESAL by the regulatory entities (Chamber of Commerce, Neiva City Hall and the Directorate of National Taxes and Customs - DIAN) and loss of benefits.1. planteamiento del problema. -- 2. Objetivos. -- 3. Justificación. -- 4. Estado del arte. -- 5. Marco referencial.-- 6. Aspectos metodológicos. -- 7. Técnicas para la recolección de la información. -- 8. Tratamiento de la información. -- 9. [email protected]