Dihidroksiaceton kao definitivni lijek za trovanje aluminijevim fosfidom u štakora

Aluminium phosphide (AlP), a very toxic pesticide also known as the rice tablet, releases phosphine gas upon contact with water, moisture, or gastric acid. Its mortality rate in humans is 70-100 % due to cardiogenic shock and refractory hypotension. Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) is a simple ketonic carbohydrate, mainly used for sunless skin tanning. It also plays a beneficial role in the treatment of hypotension and cardiogenic shock by restoring blood volume and cellular respiration. The aim of this study was to investigate the its effect on the haemodynamics and electrocardiogram (ECG) in male rats poisoned with AlP. The animals were divided into the following groups: control (received 1 mL corn oil, orally), AlP (received 15 mg kg-1 AlP solved in corn oil, orally), AlP plus DHA (treated with 50 mg kg-1 of DHA 30 min after receiving AlP), and AlP plus N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) (treated with 200 mg kg-1 of NAC 30 min after receiving AlP). The animals were then anaesthetised and ECG, blood pressure, and heart rate were recorded for 120 min. Treatment with AlP alone and in combination with NAC was associated with progressive hypotension, tachycardia, and ECG disturbances in rats, resulting in 100 % mortality 3 h after poisoning. However, DHA achieved 100 % survival in the poisoned rats and prevented AlP-induced ECG and haemodynamic abnormalities. The main mechanism of DHA in the treatment of AlP poisoning is unclear, but the findings suggest the promising therapeutic potential of DHA against AlP poisoning.Aluminijev fosfid (AlP) je pesticid koji u dodiru s vodom, vlagom ili želučanom kiselinom oslobađa iznimno toksičan plin fosfin. Smrtnost u ljudi je od 70 do 100 % zbog srčanog šoka i refraktorne hipotenzije. Dihidroksiaceton (DHA) jednostavan je ketonski ugljikovodik koji se mahom rabi kao preparat za tamnjenje kože. Osim toga, rabi se u liječenju niskog krvnog tlaka i srčanog šoka, a djeluje tako što volumen krvi i stanično disanje vraća na normalnu razinu. Cilj je ovoga istraživanja bio ispitati njegov utjecaj na hemodinamiku i elektrokardiogram (EKG) u mužjaka Wistar štakora otrovanih aluminijevim fosfidom. Životinje su podijeljene u sljedeće skupine: kontrolnu (koja je jednokratno primila 1 mL kukuruznog ulja na usta), AlP (koja je jednokratno primila 15 mg kg-1 AlP-a otopljenog u kukuruznom ulju na usta), AlP plus DHA (koja je jednokratno primila 50 mg kg-1 DHA 30 min nakon trovanja AlP-om) te AlP plus N-acetilcistein (NAC) (koja je jednokratno primila 200 mg kg-1 NAC-a 30 min nakon trovanja AlP-om). Životinje su potom anestezirane i u idućih 120 min mjereni su im EKG, sistolički krvni tlak i broj otkucaja srca. Primjena AlP-a samog ili u kombinaciji s NAC-om bila je povezana s progresivnom hipotenzijom, tahikardijom i poremećajima u EKG-u te je dovela do 100-postotne smrtnosti unutar tri sata od trovanja. S druge pak strane, DHA je osigurao 100-postotno preživljenje otrovanih štakora i spriječio poremećaje u EKG-u i hemodinamici izazvane trovanjem AlP-om. Još nije jasan osnovni mehanizam djelovanja DHA, ali naši rezultati upućuju na obećavajući terapeutski potencijal DHA u liječenju otrovanja AlP-om

A Comparative Study of Rat Lung Decellularization by Chemical Detergents for Lung Tissue Engineering

BACKGROUND: Lung disease is the most common cause of death in the world. The last stage of pulmonary diseases is lung transplantation. Limitation and shortage of donor organs cause to appear tissue engineering field. Decellularization is a hope for producing intact ECM in the development of engineered organs.AIM: The goal of the decellularization process is to remove cellular and nuclear material while retaining lung three-dimensional and molecular proteins. Different concentration of detergents was used for finding the best approach in lung decellularization.MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this study, three-time approaches (24, 48 and 96 h) with four detergents (CHAPS, SDS, SDC and Triton X-100) were used for decellularizing rat lungs for maintaining of three-dimensional lung architecture and ECM protein composition which have significant roles in differentiation and migration of stem cells This comparative study determined that variable decellularization approaches can cause significantly different effects on decellularized lungs.RESULTS: Results showed that destruction was increased with increasing the detergent concentration. Single detergent showed a significant reduction in maintaining of three-dimensional of lung and ECM proteins (Collagen and Elastin). But, the best methods were mixed detergents of SDC and CHAPS in low concentration in 48 and 96 h decellularization.CONCLUSION: Decellularized lung tissue can be used in the laboratory to study various aspects of pulmonary biology and physiology and also, these results can be used in the continued improvement of engineered lung tissue

Detection of Nocardia, Streptomyces and Rhodococcus from bronchoalveolar lavage specimens of patients with HIV by Multiplex PCR Assay

Background: Nocardia, Streptomyces and Rhodococcus are life threatening opportunistic pathogens under immunodeficiency conditions, particularly among patients infected with HIV. Rapid and accurate detection of these infections can improve immune health quality, patient management and appropriate treatment. The aim of this study was to design a novel multiplex-PCR assay for rapid diagnosis of these three organisms directly from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens of patients infected with HIV.Methods: The genus specific primers were designed for directdetection of Nocardia, Streptomyces and Rhodococcus in a single tube multiplex PCR. This PCR specifically amplified the target genes from pure cultures. It subsequently was applied on BAL specimens of 29 HIV positive patients that had previously been culture negative for actinomycete bacteria, of which Nocardia, Streptomyces and Rhodococcus are members.Results: Of 29 respiratory clinical specimens, there were positive for Nocardia spp. and one was positive for Streptomyces spp using the multiplex PCR assay. The sequencing of the PCR products identified the species as Nocardia cyriacigeorgica (n=2), Nocardia farcinica and Streptomyces albus.Conclusion: This novel multiplex PCR assay yielded reliable results for accurate identification of Nocardia, Streptomyces and Rhodococcus from BAL while the results of bacterial culture were negative.

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

Roman game domination subdivision number of a graph

A {em Roman dominating function} on a graph $G = (V ,E)$ is a function $f : Vlongrightarrow {0, 1, 2}$ satisfying the condition that every vertex $v$ for which $f (v) = 0$ is adjacent to at least one vertex $u$ for which $f (u) = 2$. The {em weight} of a Roman dominating function is the value $w(f)=sum_{vin V}f(v)$. The Roman domination number of a graph $G$, denoted by $gamma_R(G)$, equals the minimum weight of a Roman dominating function on G. The Roman game domination subdivision number of a graph $G$ is defined by the following game. Two players $mathcal D$ and $mathcal A$, $mathcal D$ playing first, alternately mark or subdivide an edge of $G$ which is not yet marked nor subdivided. The game ends when all the edges of $G$ are marked or subdivided and results in a new graph $G'$. The purpose of $mathcal D$ is to minimize the Roman dominating number $gamma_R(G')$ of $G'$ while $mathcal A$ tries to maximize it. If both $mathcal A$ and $mathcal D$ play according to their optimal strategies, $gamma_R(G')$ is well defined. We call this number the {em Roman game domination subdivision number} of $G$ and denote it by $gamma_{Rgs}(G)$. In this paper we initiate the study of the Roman game domination subdivision number of a graph and present sharp bounds on the Roman game domination subdivision number of a tree

Dihydroxyacetone as a definitive treatment for aluminium phosphide poisoning in rats

Aluminium phosphide (AlP), a very toxic pesticide also known as the rice tablet, releases phosphine gas upon contact with water, moisture, or gastric acid. Its mortality rate in humans is 70-100 % due to cardiogenic shock and refractory hypotension. Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) is a simple ketonic carbohydrate, mainly used for sunless skin tanning. It also plays a beneficial role in the treatment of hypotension and cardiogenic shock by restoring blood volume and cellular respiration. The aim of this study was to investigate the its effect on the haemodynamics and electrocardiogram (ECG) in male rats poisoned with AlP. The animals were divided into the following groups: control (received 1 mL corn oil, orally), AlP (received 15 mg kg-1 AlP solved in corn oil, orally), AlP plus DHA (treated with 50 mg kg-1 of DHA 30 min after receiving AlP), and AlP plus N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) (treated with 200 mg kg-1 of NAC 30 min after receiving AlP). The animals were then anaesthetised and ECG, blood pressure, and heart rate were recorded for 120 min. Treatment with AlP alone and in combination with NAC was associated with progressive hypotension, tachycardia, and ECG disturbances in rats, resulting in 100 % mortality 3 h after poisoning. However, DHA achieved 100 % survival in the poisoned rats and prevented AlP-induced ECG and haemodynamic abnormalities. The main mechanism of DHA in the treatment of AlP poisoning is unclear, but the findings suggest the promising therapeutic potential of DHA against AlP poisoning.Aluminijev fosfid (AlP) je pesticid koji u dodiru s vodom, vlagom ili želučanom kiselinom oslobađa iznimno toksičan plin fosfin. Smrtnost u ljudi je od 70 do 100 % zbog srčanog šoka i refraktorne hipotenzije. Dihidroksiaceton (DHA) jednostavan je ketonski ugljikovodik koji se mahom rabi kao preparat za tamnjenje kože. Osim toga, rabi se u liječenju niskog krvnog tlaka i srčanog šoka, a djeluje tako što volumen krvi i stanično disanje vraća na normalnu razinu. Cilj je ovoga istraživanja bio ispitati njegov utjecaj na hemodinamiku i elektrokardiogram (EKG) u mužjaka Wistar štakora otrovanih aluminijevim fosfidom. Životinje su podijeljene u sljedeće skupine: kontrolnu (koja je jednokratno primila 1 mL kukuruznog ulja na usta), AlP (koja je jednokratno primila 15 mg kg-1 AlP-a otopljenog u kukuruznom ulju na usta), AlP plus DHA (koja je jednokratno primila 50 mg kg-1 DHA 30 min nakon trovanja AlP-om) te AlP plus N-acetilcistein (NAC) (koja je jednokratno primila 200 mg kg-1 NAC-a 30 min nakon trovanja AlP-om). Životinje su potom anestezirane i u idućih 120 min mjereni su im EKG, sistolički krvni tlak i broj otkucaja srca. Primjena AlP-a samog ili u kombinaciji s NAC-om bila je povezana s progresivnom hipotenzijom, tahikardijom i poremećajima u EKG-u te je dovela do 100-postotne smrtnosti unutar tri sata od trovanja. S druge pak strane, DHA je osigurao 100-postotno preživljenje otrovanih štakora i spriječio poremećaje u EKG-u i hemodinamici izazvane trovanjem AlP-om. Još nije jasan osnovni mehanizam djelovanja DHA, ali naši rezultati upućuju na obećavajući terapeutski potencijal DHA u liječenju otrovanja AlP-om

Effect of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria on the Concentration and Uptake of Macro Nutrients by Corn in a Cd-contaminated Calcareous Soil under Drought Stress

Introduction: Heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) are found naturally in soils, but their amount can be changed by human activities. The study of the uptake and accumulation of heavy metals by plants is done in order to prevent their threats on human and animal’s health.Cadmium is a toxic element for living organisms. Cadmium competes with many of nutrients to be absorbed by the plant and interferes with their biological roles. Water stress affects the cell structure and the food is diverted from its normal metabolic pathway. It also reduces the availability and uptake of nutrients by the plant. One reason for the reduction of plant growth under drought stress is the accumulation of ethylene in plants. There are ways to mitigate the negative effects of drought stress that one of which is the use of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria(PGPRs) to increasing the availability of nutrients. Soil beneficial bacteria play an important role in the biological cycles and have been used to increase plant health and soil fertility over the past few decades.The aim of this study was to investigate theeffect of PGPRson the concentration and uptake of macro nutrients by corn in a Cd-contaminated calcareous soil under drought stress. Materials and Methods: A greenhouse factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments were two levels of bacteria (with and without bacteria), four levels of Cd (5, 10, 20, and 40 mg kg-1), and three levels of drought stress (without stress, 80, and 65% of field capacity). The pots were filled with 3 kg of treated soil. Cd was treated as its sulfate salt in amounts of 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg kg-1. The soil was mixed uniformly with 150 mg N kg-1 as urea, 20 mg P kg-1 as Ca (H2PO4)2, 5 mg Fe kg-1 as Fe-EDDHA and 10, 10 and 2.5 mg Zn, Mn and Cu kg-1, respectively as their sulfate salt in order to meet plant needs for these nutrients. Six seeds of Zea mays (var. HIDO) were planted at each pot. Each seed of maize was inoculated with 2 mL (1×108 colony-forming units (cfu) mL-1) of Micrococcus yunnanensis (a gram positive bacterium with the ability of production of sidrophore and phosphate dissolving characteristic). Each pot was irrigated daily with distilled water to near field capacity by weight, until 15 days after corn planting. Then corn was thinned to 3 plants per pot and irrigation was started with different levels of drought stress (without stress (F.C), 80, and 65% of field capacity) by weight. At harvest (8 weeks after planting), the aerial parts of the plants was cut at the soil surface. The harvested plants were washed with distilled water, dried to a constant weight at 65C. Representative samples were dry-ashed and analyzed for macro nutrients. Results and Discussion: The results indicated that the inoculation of bacteria increased shoot dry weight (DW) and total uptake of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). Drought stress decreased DW, total uptake of N, P, and K, concentrations of N and K in corn shoots, and concentration of K in the soil. The application of biological fertilizers, such as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, increase plant growth through increasing microorganism’s activities and population in the soil and so increase macro nutrients uptake by the plant. Phosphate solubilizing rhizobacteria increase plant growth and phosphate availability with production of organic acids and secretion of phosphatase enzymes or protons and conversion of non-soluble phosphates (either organic or inorganic phosphates) to the forms that are more available for the plants and improve their nutrition and increase their growth. Drought stress decreases Dry Matter Weight(DMW) through decreasing relative humidity of the air of plant growth environment and increases evaporation, transpiration, plant temperature and light intensity of the sun. It prevents normal development of roots, water uptake, and plant growth by reducing the moisture content of the soil. It also decreases uptake and availability of Phosphorus in arid soils because plant growth and root activity in arid soils are lower from those of wetlands and as phosphorus is immobile in the soil, its uptake by the plant will decrease. N concentration of plants will increase drought stress conditions through rapid accumulation of amino acids that had not been converted into protein. The combined effects of drought stress and inoculation of bacteria on decomposition of silicates, cause the release of nutrients such as potassium. Increasing levels of cadmium in both cases, with and without bacterial inoculation, decreased DW, N and K uptake by corn because of its toxicity and its competition and interactions with these nutrients. Conclusion: The inoculation of bacteria mitigated the negative effects of drought stress and cadmium contamination by increasing dry weight of corn and increasing uptake of macronutrients by aerial parts. Drought stress in both cases (with and without bacterial inoculation) reduced shoot dry weight, total uptake of macro nutrients, N and K concentrations in corn shoots and post-harvest potassium concentration in the soil. Cadmium levels decreased shoot dry matter and N and K uptake by the plant. The use of bacteria was more effective at low cadmium and drought stress levels

An Empirical Study of C++ Vulnerabilities in Crowd-Sourced Code Examples

Software developers share programming solutions in Q&A sites like Stack Overflow, Stack Exchange, Android forum, and so on. The reuse of crowd-sourced code snippets can facilitate rapid prototyping. However, recent research shows that the shared code snippets may be of low quality and can even contain vulnerabilities. This paper aims to understand the nature and the prevalence of security vulnerabilities in crowd-sourced code examples. To achieve this goal, we investigate security vulnerabilities in the C++ code snippets shared on Stack Overflow over a period of 10 years. In collaborative sessions involving multiple human coders, we manually assessed each code snippet for security vulnerabilities following CWE (Common Weakness Enumeration) guidelines. From the 72,483 reviewed code snippets used in at least one project hosted on GitHub, we found a total of 99 vulnerable code snippets categorized into 31 types. Many of the investigated code snippets are still not corrected on Stack Overflow. The 99 vulnerable code snippets found in Stack Overflow were reused in a total of 2859 GitHub projects. To help improve the quality of code snippets shared on Stack Overflow, we developed a browser extension that allows Stack Overflow users to be notified for vulnerabilities in code snippets when they see them on the platform